آخرین نبرد در جزیره جهانی: جغرافیای سیاسی روسیه معاصر

by Alexander Dugin, هاتف خالدی (مترجم)

دوگين در اين كتاب كوشيده است تا توضيح دهد چرا درگيري ژئوپليتيكي جهاني بين امپراتوري روسيه و پادشاهي بريتانيا و سپس بين اردوگاه سوسياليستي و اردوگاه سرمايه‌گذاري ناگزير بود. تحليل او از جغرافياي سياسي روسيه به مخاطب كمك مي‌كند تصويري واض تر از ريشه‌‌هاي مناقشات كنوني در شرق اروپا به‌دست آورد.

Genres: Politics, Russia, History, Nonfiction, Philosophy, Geography, Political Science

157 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 2010

About the author

Aleksandr Gelyevich Dugin (Russian: Александр Гельевич Дугин, born 7 January 1962) is a Russian philosopher and activist. As a founder of the Russian Geopolitical School and the Eurasian Movement, Dugin is considered as one of the most important exponents of modern Russian conservative thought in the line of slavophiles. He earned his PhD in Sociology, in Political sciences, and also in Philosophy. During six years (2008 – 2014), he was the head of the Department of Sociology of International Relations in Sociological Faculty of Moscow State University. His publications include more than sixty books such as Foundations of Geopolitics, Fourth Political Theory, Theory of Multipolar World, Noomakhia (24 volumes), Ethnosociology. The influence of Dugin’s thought on modern day Russia (including political leaders) is recognized by not only his followers but also his philosophical and political opponents. His ideas are sometimes judged controversial or nonconformist but almost all agree that they are inspiring and original.

Reviews

[Jacob Aitken · Rating 5 out of 5]

In this work A. Dugin advances and develops the typology of Eternal Rome vs. Eternal Carthage--land empires against sea, mercantile empires. So his thesis: Russia cannot be interpreted apart from the Russian land (Dugin loc. 128). From this he deduces a Geopolitical theorem: “the geopolitical system depends on the position of the observer and interpreter” (loc. 147). All observers are already embedded in a context.

Russian geopolitician: geopolitics of the heartland. Russia is going to be a “civilization of Land.” Of course, this is the typology of Eternal Rome vs. Eternal Carthage/Atlantis. This ties in with Dugin’s thesis: we are always already observers. Russia, therefore, will observe itself from a certain perspective, a land-based perspective.

Dugin extends the analysis a step further: Russia as Land-Civilization means its gradual becoming in history will ultimately be on a planetary scale (loc. 188). It is a “continental Rome.” Unfortunately, this means it will be drawn into conflict with “Carthage/Atlantis,” Britain and America. As Dugin notes, “The fact that Russia is the heartland makes its sovereignty a planetary problem” (loc. 259).

He gives the reader a brief treatment of Russian history from the October Revolution to the current day (though not including Putin's presence in Syria). Readers may chafe at his neutral account of Soviet terror, but one supposes it fits his thesis: the Soviet Union strengthened Russia's presence as a Land Civilization.

The Politics of Yeltsin:

Retells Chesterton’s narrative of Rome vs. Carthage. Rome’s defeat of Carthage was the defeat of Moloch. Dugin sees the contrary of this happening in 1991. I disagree. Rome’s sordid, almost dead state was parallel to Yeltsin’s Russia.

New Atlanticist Geo-Politics: The structure of the bi-polar world remained but with one of the poles withdrawn (loc. 1527ff). There was no longer a West-East Axis, but a “Center-Periphery” one. Nato was placed at the center of the world and everyone else on the periphery.
Dugin’s conclusions.

(1) There is a need for an energetic, post-Putin head of state (2741).
(2) Although working for a multipolar world, Russia must have global ambitions to thwart Atlantis.

Critical of Putin

Some say Dugin is the brainchild behind Putin. This is false. Dugin criticizes Putin on a number fronts.

*Dugin says Putin should not have allowed US support in Afghanistan, as this placed more NATO bases on Russia’s border (2144).

*Dugin notes no matter how important Putin’s gains are, they are not irreversible (and thus, they are open to a NATO/Atlanticist turn; loc. 2741).

Conclusion:

The book was surprisingly good. I had heard horror stories about Dugin (see the shrill hysteria at National Review), but most of his analysis is level-headed and familiar territory to Russia readers.

[Joseph Hirsch · Rating 3 out of 5]

This is an interesting (if somewhat self-serving) view of Carl Schmitt's "Nomos" from the telluric/land perspective. Dugin describes how through about a millennium of history Russia has gone through multiple upheavals that have changed its physical geography as well as its conception of itself. He sees Russia now imperiled by the Atlanticists/Western Powers, and in as precarious position as Mother Russia ever was.

It is ironic with all of the paranoiac fear-mongering about Russia intervening in America that Dugin perceives the U.S. and our leadership (at least pre-Trump) as doing everything in our power to subvert the natural law of the Heartland (as he calls Russia) which he views as having the right to subsume everything in its orbit for its own good and the good of humanity. Russia, like any other country, has a right to self-defense, but if/when other countries want to break away, it has less in Dugin's mind to do with a desire for, say, Cossack autonomy, than with a conspiracy emanating from Washington, D.C.

More disturbing is Dugin's desire for a Eurasian movement similar to the Eurozone, an alignment that would do even more to trample on particularist cultures than perhaps outright conquest. In Dugin's view, these lands should apparently just allow themselves to be assimilated into the larger Russian empire for their own good. It is unfortunate but possibly true that Russia's options at this point are either to grow in order to head off Western incursions or to collapse from entropic pressure from within the areas of its borders pre-collapse of the U.S.S.R., but I'm reticent to give Dugin (or Putin, or the neocons) too much of the benefit of the doubt when they want to dominate continents in order to save them from their own constituent countries.

I have read Dugin's works before, like "The Fourth Political Theory" and it's clear that the man is not only brilliant, but that he's one of the few thinkers willing do to some serious extrapolation when it comes to looking at present conditions and seeing what the future might hold. I actually think Trump presents less of a threat than Hillary (since he isn't apparently trying to precipitate war with Russia) and it is possible Neo-Ottoman expansionism (and assassination of ambassadors) may actually draw these two super-powers into a a grand alliance. That said, I found Dugin's reasoning in this book weak and deliberately misleading. He sees what he wants to happen not as Realpolitik goals for the most part, but as a kind of moral good, which makes him a kind of con-man who has succeeded in tricking himself and is trying to pull the wool over the reader's eyes as well. I'll continue to read him anyway, because he's still a good antidote to the connivance of the neocons and assorted meddlers/warmongers arrayed at the other end of the spectrum, who are far worse than he is.

[Saeed Aj · Rating 5 out of 5]

تحلیل دوگین از ژئوپلیتیک روسیه به راحتی قابل تعمیم است به ژئوپلیتیک ایران؛ با توجه به اینکه در نبرد تلوروکراسی و تالاسوکراسی، ایران هم حداقل در سطح منطقه)دوران پس از خشایارشاه و شکست نادر در ایجاد بحریهٔ جنوب با ترفندهای کثافات آنگلوساکسون( یک تمدن سرزمین‌محور محسوب می‌شود باید در تمام وجوه به دنبال تقویت نفوذ خود در فلات ایران باشد.

[Michael Potts · Rating 5 out of 5]

A very interesting insight into the ambiguity of contemporary Russian geopolitics (1991-2012) and its history from the perspective of Mackinder and Spykman's theories regarding land and sea power.

[Aaron Schuschu · Rating 4 out of 5]

Dugin isn’t so much Putin’s Rasputin as he is a window into Russian culture.

[Καιρὸς · Rating 4 out of 5]

Carthago delenda est

[Thomas · Rating 4 out of 5]

Interesting book about the mentality of Russian geopolitics of the past and today. Alexander Dugin, the author, is said to have a great influence in the Kremlin therefore it is pertinent to understand better the context in which we live today. Be careful, it is a highly subjective and Russian centered book.

[Prof. Mohamed Shareef · Rating 2 out of 5]

Russia's ambition to rule all Asia and Europe is the theme of this book.

[Omar Hernando · Rating 4 out of 5]

Dugin provides an unconvincing, yet well researched and put together, argument for the old russian belief that what's good for the West is bad for Russia.

[Kevin Sood · Rating 3 out of 5]

It's more of a history of Russia then it is political theory.

[Dan Brownie · Rating 5 out of 5]

Слава России!

[Shadi · Rating 2 out of 5]

The book reads like an ideological foundation for Russia "manifest destiny" moment, according to the author there will always be a war between land power Russia and Atlantic sea powers to control the "heartland", and this relationship will forever be a zero sum game, economy, democracy, human needs or ideology are all secondary factors or even non-factors.

[Vlad Gabriel · Rating 4 out of 5]

Mandatory book in order to understand Russia

[David · Rating 4 out of 5]

A reflexão sobre a história russa e a geopolítica envolvida, inclusive o embate entre talassocracia e telucracia, é muito atrativa. Dugin faz um ótimo trabalho em caracterizar a sociedade russa e mostrar seu lugar no mundo. Minhas únicas ressalvas vão para a tradução: ela não é satisfatória. Há inclusive erros de português (ao menos na versão Kindle).

[!Tæmbuŝu]

Reviewed by Caixin

[Çağatay Boz · Rating 2 out of 5]

Aleksandr Dugin'in ıslak rüyasını anlatıp gerekli yerlere yıkama-yağlama işlemlerini yaptığı kitap.