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Joseph Smith's Gold Plates: A Cultural History
Renowned historian Richard Lyman Bushman presents a vibrant history of the objects that gave birth to a new religion.
According to Joseph Smith, in September of 1823 an angel appeared to him and directed him to a hill near his home. Buried there Smith found a box containing a stack of thin metal sheets, gold in color, about six inches wide, eight inches long, piled six or so inches high, bound together by large rings, and covered with what appeared to be ancient engravings. Exactly four years later, the angel allowed Smith to take the plates and instructed him to translate them into English. When the text was published, a new religion was born.
The plates have had a long and active life, and the question of their reality has hovered over them from the beginning. Months before the Book of Mormon was published, newspapers began reporting on the discovery of a "Golden Bible." Within a few years over a hundred articles had appeared. Critics denounced Smith as a charlatan for claiming to have a wondrous object that he refused to show, while believers countered by pointing to witnesses who said they saw the plates. Two hundred years later the mystery of the gold plates remains.
In this book renowned historian of Mormonism Richard Lyman Bushman offers a cultural history of the gold plates. Bushman examines how the plates have been imagined by both believers and critics--and by treasure-seekers, novelists, artists, scholars, and others--from Smith's first encounter with them to the present. Why have they been remembered, and how have they been used? And why do they remain objects of fascination to this day? By examining these questions, Bushman sheds new light on Mormon history and on the role of enchantment in the modern world.
According to Joseph Smith, in September of 1823 an angel appeared to him and directed him to a hill near his home. Buried there Smith found a box containing a stack of thin metal sheets, gold in color, about six inches wide, eight inches long, piled six or so inches high, bound together by large rings, and covered with what appeared to be ancient engravings. Exactly four years later, the angel allowed Smith to take the plates and instructed him to translate them into English. When the text was published, a new religion was born.
The plates have had a long and active life, and the question of their reality has hovered over them from the beginning. Months before the Book of Mormon was published, newspapers began reporting on the discovery of a "Golden Bible." Within a few years over a hundred articles had appeared. Critics denounced Smith as a charlatan for claiming to have a wondrous object that he refused to show, while believers countered by pointing to witnesses who said they saw the plates. Two hundred years later the mystery of the gold plates remains.
In this book renowned historian of Mormonism Richard Lyman Bushman offers a cultural history of the gold plates. Bushman examines how the plates have been imagined by both believers and critics--and by treasure-seekers, novelists, artists, scholars, and others--from Smith's first encounter with them to the present. Why have they been remembered, and how have they been used? And why do they remain objects of fascination to this day? By examining these questions, Bushman sheds new light on Mormon history and on the role of enchantment in the modern world.
Audio CD
Published April 16, 2024
About the author
Richard L. Bushman
36 books72 followersRichard Lyman Bushman obtained a Ph.D. from Harvard and published widely in early American social and cultural history before completing his most well-known work, Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling, a biography of the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Among his books were From Puritan to Yankee: Character and the Social Order in Connecticut, 1690-1765 and The Refinement of America: Persons, Houses, Cities. He teaches courses on Mormonism in its broad social and cultural context and on the history of religion in America, focusing on the early period. He has special interests in the history of Mormon theology and in lived religion among the Mormons. He has taken an active part in explaining Mormonism to a broad public and in negotiating the tensions between Mormonism and modern culture.
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Displaying 1 - 29 of 29 reviews
October 31, 2023
A giant disappointment from a giant of an historian.
Bushman's last book, "Rough Stone Rolling," is a compelling read, well researched, and described the man Joseph Smith to an audience of believers (whereas earlier faithful biographies dismissed the man in favor THE PROPHET). This book focuses on the Golden Plates, a supposed true record of ancient Jews charioting around the Americas with steel swords, pre-Columbus. Bushman believes in the literal gold plates and submits a focused monograph on interpreting the plates in both their modern and historical context.
I was put off from the start. From the preface, in discussing the concept of metal plates as historical record: "The source of the idea, other than being the gift of an angel, has never been identified." Bushman asserts elsewhere in the book that the idea of plates did not exist in Joseph's culture. And when addressing the subject directly in Chapter 9, offers a weak admission and wild misdirection in both the text and the footnote.
A wide variety of credible Mormon scholars have discussed the prevalence of the idea of ancient-plates-as-historical records in Joseph Smith's culture. Dan Vogel addresses them in: "Indian Origins and the Book of Mormon." Brent Metcalf in an article in Dialogue in the Fall of '83: "Apologists have asserted that Smith and contemporaries could not have known that some ancient peoples engraved on metallic plates. But even a cursory survey of early 19th literature disproves such a claim." Metcalf then goes on to provide details. D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View" details metal plates in folk magic, in which the Smith family was part and parcel, using divining rods, magic parchments, talismans, interpretating dreams, sacrificing animals in paid-for-hire treasure quests, seer stones, and the folk magic list goes on. Bushman committed historical malpractice by making this claim.
Another strange take: "Smith's progression from unpretentious farmer to aspiring translator appears to have come in stages." First, I'm not entirely sure that Smith has ever been described as either unpretentious or as a farmer. I'm sure he worked the family ground as teen. But he also took money for treasure hunting, over a period of years, during which time NOTHING was found. As in his 20's, he could not make money as a treasure hunter; Joseph's solution was to make money as a translator. His job as a translator was really his main gig from then until his death, unless we count selling land with dubious title to foreign converts, prophetically promoting an illegal bank, running a short-lived bar in his living room, and mismanaging a general store.
From the start, before obtaining the plates, Joseph would tell his family of the ancient American culture, their ways and manner of dress, etc., as recounted by his mother in her auto-biography. The plates were conceived of as a story from the beginning. Joseph obtained the plates, conveniently at the same time that he secured financing from Martin Harris to translate them, later trying to sell the copyright behind Harris' back in Canada. Smith's efforts to obtain pay for translating continued when he and Sidney Rigdon were granted a salary to translate the Bible (this was after they were granted a leadership salary, but Cowdrey vehemently objected on the grounds of priestcraft, and so they were paid instead to "translate" the Bible). Joseph's translation efforts continued with an Egyptian Book of the Dead conceived as the ancient writings of Abraham, a magic parchment from the Apostle John, and also the Kinderhook Plates (first asserted as original by apologists and now universally recognized as a fraud - per Bushman). None of these translations are actual language translations based upon the text, as was asserted at the time. In other words, the Saints did not get what they paid for.
This book feels like a collection of essays from Bushman's Claremont students. It's inconsistent, petty and judgmental about non-Mormon fantastical claims, and terribly uneven. My only consolation about paying full retail is that I supported Benchmark Books, a wonderful independent bookstore, which we should all support.
Bushman's last book, "Rough Stone Rolling," is a compelling read, well researched, and described the man Joseph Smith to an audience of believers (whereas earlier faithful biographies dismissed the man in favor THE PROPHET). This book focuses on the Golden Plates, a supposed true record of ancient Jews charioting around the Americas with steel swords, pre-Columbus. Bushman believes in the literal gold plates and submits a focused monograph on interpreting the plates in both their modern and historical context.
I was put off from the start. From the preface, in discussing the concept of metal plates as historical record: "The source of the idea, other than being the gift of an angel, has never been identified." Bushman asserts elsewhere in the book that the idea of plates did not exist in Joseph's culture. And when addressing the subject directly in Chapter 9, offers a weak admission and wild misdirection in both the text and the footnote.
A wide variety of credible Mormon scholars have discussed the prevalence of the idea of ancient-plates-as-historical records in Joseph Smith's culture. Dan Vogel addresses them in: "Indian Origins and the Book of Mormon." Brent Metcalf in an article in Dialogue in the Fall of '83: "Apologists have asserted that Smith and contemporaries could not have known that some ancient peoples engraved on metallic plates. But even a cursory survey of early 19th literature disproves such a claim." Metcalf then goes on to provide details. D. Michael Quinn, "Early Mormonism and the Magic World View" details metal plates in folk magic, in which the Smith family was part and parcel, using divining rods, magic parchments, talismans, interpretating dreams, sacrificing animals in paid-for-hire treasure quests, seer stones, and the folk magic list goes on. Bushman committed historical malpractice by making this claim.
Another strange take: "Smith's progression from unpretentious farmer to aspiring translator appears to have come in stages." First, I'm not entirely sure that Smith has ever been described as either unpretentious or as a farmer. I'm sure he worked the family ground as teen. But he also took money for treasure hunting, over a period of years, during which time NOTHING was found. As in his 20's, he could not make money as a treasure hunter; Joseph's solution was to make money as a translator. His job as a translator was really his main gig from then until his death, unless we count selling land with dubious title to foreign converts, prophetically promoting an illegal bank, running a short-lived bar in his living room, and mismanaging a general store.
From the start, before obtaining the plates, Joseph would tell his family of the ancient American culture, their ways and manner of dress, etc., as recounted by his mother in her auto-biography. The plates were conceived of as a story from the beginning. Joseph obtained the plates, conveniently at the same time that he secured financing from Martin Harris to translate them, later trying to sell the copyright behind Harris' back in Canada. Smith's efforts to obtain pay for translating continued when he and Sidney Rigdon were granted a salary to translate the Bible (this was after they were granted a leadership salary, but Cowdrey vehemently objected on the grounds of priestcraft, and so they were paid instead to "translate" the Bible). Joseph's translation efforts continued with an Egyptian Book of the Dead conceived as the ancient writings of Abraham, a magic parchment from the Apostle John, and also the Kinderhook Plates (first asserted as original by apologists and now universally recognized as a fraud - per Bushman). None of these translations are actual language translations based upon the text, as was asserted at the time. In other words, the Saints did not get what they paid for.
This book feels like a collection of essays from Bushman's Claremont students. It's inconsistent, petty and judgmental about non-Mormon fantastical claims, and terribly uneven. My only consolation about paying full retail is that I supported Benchmark Books, a wonderful independent bookstore, which we should all support.
September 28, 2023
Who would've thought that after two centuries' worth of writings on the gold plates, that Bushman could come in and write one of the most interesting books on the subject. Bushman reviews the history of the gold plates through a variety of lens: rationalism, lore, scientific, artistic, instruction, etc. The appendixes, especially a short overview of the variety of theories on the translation of the plates, wete most excellent. Insightful, thorough, and fresh. If you're well read or unread on the subject, this book will be a most welcomed read.
September 30, 2023
I loved the first 1/2 of this book—provided insights and caused a shift in my thinking in several areas. The last 1/2 dragged for me but I still really enjoyed the book as a whole. Now to move onto Rough Stone Rolling.
January 31, 2026
Easily the best and most through look at the gold plates that I've encountered.
October 14, 2023
Richard Lyman Bushman’s Joseph Smith’s Gold Plates: A Cultural History (Oxford University Press, 2023) is an important contribution to Book of Mormon studies. As a cultural history of the gold plates, the book traces the story of the plates and the translation of the Book of Mormon, reactions to the story and the development of folklore about the gold plates over the subsequent two centuries. It also discusses how the plates have been portrayed in artwork and literature, used in teaching programs in the Church, and some of the debates about the plates.
Even while visiting the story of the plates—as he has before in Rough Stone Rolling and Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism—Bushman provides fresh perspectives on the story. For example, he focuses on the idea that Joseph Smith may not have understood the purpose of the plates as a record that needed to be translated initially, rather than being a treasure. At first, Joseph Smith may have approached the plates with his treasure hunting in mind rather than a religious perspective. After all, the idea of a book-length record on gold plates wasn’t really something that was a common idea. It was only gradually, as he became acquainted with the interpreters and what was on the plates that he realized it needed to be translated. It was a perspective that I’ve not seen emphasized before (at least within my memory).
As you read, you can tell that Richard Bushman did a lot of in-depth research to bring the book together. He discusses the history, as I’ve mentioned, but adds in art, folklore, and literature to the discussion (not something covered in his previous work or other discussions like Terryl Givens’ By the Hand of Mormon). He discussed some fascinating-sounding but obscure novels about Joseph Smith, Navajo pottery that digests the idea of the gold plates and the Book of Mormon and presents them in a thoroughly Diné form, and more. He also covers better-known artistic treatments of the gold plates, such as the artwork of Arnold Friberg and Minerva Teichert and the sculptures of Torleif Knaphus. And on the folklore front, I think he’s the first person to discuss in-depth the lore of Joseph Smith leaving the plates in or working on the translation in a cave (from both Latter-day Saints in Utah and Palmyra locals). He was able to add a lot of interesting cultural history in discussing dimensions of the gold plates beyond history and scientific arguments.
One thing that caught me off guard was how the book veered into devotional belief on occasion. From the get-go, Bushman acknowledges that “a logical path for a Latter-day Saint growing up in the modern world, especially one who became a historian, would be to grow out of my childhood beliefs. … But my life did not follow that course. The plates have continued to have a hold on me” (ix). He occasionally returns to expressing his belief and arguing for it throughout the book, though he does leave room for other interpretations. For example, at one point he writes: “[What] was the origins of the idea of the plates in Joseph Smith’s mind. Where did he get the conception of a set of plates containing the history of lost civilizations and engraved in ancient characters? No satisfactory answer has been found other than angelic visitation,” though he also acknowledges that “there is also a gap in believers’ story of the plates” (157–158). This wasn’t an unpleasant surprise to me as a member of the Church, but was more apologetic than what I expected going into an Oxford University Press book.
Joseph Smith’s Gold Plates: A Cultural History is important because of the broad swath of information and perspectives it pulls together in one place about the Book of Mormon and the gold plates. In addition to the areas that I’ve mentioned, Bushman discusses the nature of the gold plates as an artifact and what might be displayed with them in a museum (bringing in many theories about what the plates were or what they might have been made from as proposals for what could be in a museum display with the plates), where the gold plates fit in with other sacred objects in faith traditions across the world, and how the plates have been used in Church curriculum (both in missionary literature and Church Education System literature). Appendixes also discuss the structure of the plates/Book of Mormon and the translation debates. All told, the book brings together an impressive array of information about the gold plates and their ongoing existence in the minds of those who have reacted to the idea of their existence.
Even while visiting the story of the plates—as he has before in Rough Stone Rolling and Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism—Bushman provides fresh perspectives on the story. For example, he focuses on the idea that Joseph Smith may not have understood the purpose of the plates as a record that needed to be translated initially, rather than being a treasure. At first, Joseph Smith may have approached the plates with his treasure hunting in mind rather than a religious perspective. After all, the idea of a book-length record on gold plates wasn’t really something that was a common idea. It was only gradually, as he became acquainted with the interpreters and what was on the plates that he realized it needed to be translated. It was a perspective that I’ve not seen emphasized before (at least within my memory).
As you read, you can tell that Richard Bushman did a lot of in-depth research to bring the book together. He discusses the history, as I’ve mentioned, but adds in art, folklore, and literature to the discussion (not something covered in his previous work or other discussions like Terryl Givens’ By the Hand of Mormon). He discussed some fascinating-sounding but obscure novels about Joseph Smith, Navajo pottery that digests the idea of the gold plates and the Book of Mormon and presents them in a thoroughly Diné form, and more. He also covers better-known artistic treatments of the gold plates, such as the artwork of Arnold Friberg and Minerva Teichert and the sculptures of Torleif Knaphus. And on the folklore front, I think he’s the first person to discuss in-depth the lore of Joseph Smith leaving the plates in or working on the translation in a cave (from both Latter-day Saints in Utah and Palmyra locals). He was able to add a lot of interesting cultural history in discussing dimensions of the gold plates beyond history and scientific arguments.
One thing that caught me off guard was how the book veered into devotional belief on occasion. From the get-go, Bushman acknowledges that “a logical path for a Latter-day Saint growing up in the modern world, especially one who became a historian, would be to grow out of my childhood beliefs. … But my life did not follow that course. The plates have continued to have a hold on me” (ix). He occasionally returns to expressing his belief and arguing for it throughout the book, though he does leave room for other interpretations. For example, at one point he writes: “[What] was the origins of the idea of the plates in Joseph Smith’s mind. Where did he get the conception of a set of plates containing the history of lost civilizations and engraved in ancient characters? No satisfactory answer has been found other than angelic visitation,” though he also acknowledges that “there is also a gap in believers’ story of the plates” (157–158). This wasn’t an unpleasant surprise to me as a member of the Church, but was more apologetic than what I expected going into an Oxford University Press book.
Joseph Smith’s Gold Plates: A Cultural History is important because of the broad swath of information and perspectives it pulls together in one place about the Book of Mormon and the gold plates. In addition to the areas that I’ve mentioned, Bushman discusses the nature of the gold plates as an artifact and what might be displayed with them in a museum (bringing in many theories about what the plates were or what they might have been made from as proposals for what could be in a museum display with the plates), where the gold plates fit in with other sacred objects in faith traditions across the world, and how the plates have been used in Church curriculum (both in missionary literature and Church Education System literature). Appendixes also discuss the structure of the plates/Book of Mormon and the translation debates. All told, the book brings together an impressive array of information about the gold plates and their ongoing existence in the minds of those who have reacted to the idea of their existence.
March 27, 2024
I loved this in-depth look at the gold plates of the LDS faith. Not the content of the plates, but the plates themselves. How they impacted people. The history of the plates in the minds of believers, critics, scholars. How they were depicted in art. How they fit into the history of other types of religious artifacts. I think Richard Bushman is brilliant. Even though I have been steeped in years of Book of Mormon reading and feel well-versed in stories of Joseph Smith, the coming forth of the Book of Mormon, and the early Church years, I was so often blown away and delighted by Bushman’s insights in this book. I was especially drawn to the idea that the very physicality of the gold plates adds a dimension to Joseph Smith’s story. This beginning of the Latter-day Saint faith combines the spiritual element—an angel appeared to Joseph Smith and led him to the plates, and the evidentiary element—the plates had substance and weight and could be seen and touched. I really enjoyed this book!
October 15, 2025
This was a fun one for me. Bushman doesn’t try to prove or disprove the existence of the gold plates. Instead, the book paints the picture of how the plates have been imagined, debated, and reinterpreted over two centuries. For early believers, they were tangible evidence of divine revelation. For critics, they were proof of a knowing deception. For later generations, they became something of a symbol of faith.
I really appreciate Bushman's tone. He treats the plates not as something to defend or debunk but as more of a mirror reflecting the anxieties and hopes of each era.
My main takeaway isn’t even really about the gold plates. It’s more about how humans construct meaning, how myths evolve, and how symbols gather power far beyond their physical origins.
I really appreciate Bushman's tone. He treats the plates not as something to defend or debunk but as more of a mirror reflecting the anxieties and hopes of each era.
My main takeaway isn’t even really about the gold plates. It’s more about how humans construct meaning, how myths evolve, and how symbols gather power far beyond their physical origins.
September 13, 2023
A wonderful addition to the discussion. Much to think on. I waited for some discussion of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the Copper Scroll, but this was not forthcoming. And for some treatment of the stories from sources re: Moroni's preparing Joseph to understand Nephite culture before translation took place. These were a few other minor bits left unaddressed, and the best that was on offer was some intriguing hints toward the end in the appendixes. I was a bit annoyed at the stuff about amazon products etc. teaching tools for younger persons. This was a bit of a distraction from the project.
January 16, 2024
A fairly brief and interesting book about the cultural history of the gold plates from which the Book of Mormon was translated. The author summarizes the varied responses of both critics and believers, and different approaches they have taken in considering the Book of Mormon and its origin story over the last two centuries.
I learned some new things, I enjoyed reading this book, and I consider this book a valuable supplement to my study of the Book of Mormon.
I learned some new things, I enjoyed reading this book, and I consider this book a valuable supplement to my study of the Book of Mormon.
January 31, 2025
I knew what I was getting into, in that I knew Bushman is LDS and would be accordingly biased, and hey, it’s a cultural history! Bushman’s a giant in history of Mormonism! It’s not gonna be weird apologetics! Reader, it was weird apologetics. Reformed Egyptian isn’t fucking real, and the Book of Abraham is and was a bog-standard Book of the Dead. Also Bushman doesn’t understand Angels in America.
July 31, 2025
I started out not connecting with the narrative approach, and then I became accustomed to it and really appreciated the purpose of this cultural history. Bushman provides a balanced perspective of the gold plates, the translation process, and their impact on society. Well worth reading for both believers and nonbelievers. In short, the thesis is that there are lots of questions about these things, and ultimately the believer will believe and the nonbeliever won’t believe.
April 5, 2024
Two thumbs up. Make sure you understand the subtitle, "a cultural history." The book does not take a stand on whether the plates exist or not, but delves into their impact on culture of believers and non-believers alike. While it should appeal to many, this is an academic book with extensive sourcing, authored by one of the premier historians of our time.
November 21, 2024
My husband LOVED this . . . I loved parts of it. The first third was old news to a lifelong member of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. I thought it would continue this was and was surprised to hear new and interesting theories and stories of the plates. Because the book is thorough, parts appeal more to me than others. Not Rough Stone Rolling, but still a worthwhile read.
December 13, 2025
This is a historical look at the stories surrounding the Book of Mormon. The author is a known historian and he does try to stay neutral and discuss the facts as they’ve been recorded. Overall it was an interesting read and a good look at the historical events and the different items that surrounded it.
Joseph McKnight
http://www.josephmcknight.com
Joseph McKnight
http://www.josephmcknight.com
March 4, 2026
I learned several new things from this book. It’s a little uneven though with sometimes too much time given to less reliable commentators. But then again, they were part of the culture that surrounded Joseph Smith at the time, or were influenced by him or his claims. I found appendix B to be one of the most interesting parts of the entire book. Overall, it is a good cultural history.
November 27, 2023
Beyond a superbly written academic cultural exegesis we find the insatiable curiosity of an intellectual believer using the tools of his trade to explore a fantastic world surrounding a stack of golden plates.
December 15, 2023
Fantastic piece of work from Bro. Bushman. A wonderful examination of the plates that really gets into their role in a number of aspects. I appreciated the appendices dealing with the translation process as well.
June 6, 2024
Not as compelling as Bushman’s Rough Stone Rolling, but a very interesting examination of the gold plates, as viewed through various cultural and historical lenses. There is a lot here that was new to me, but nothing particularly shocking.
July 7, 2024
I really enjoyed about 3/4 of this book. I didn’t care much for the chapter on how the gold plates are used / adapted in different literature or mediums. But as a history if the gold plates this is a wonderful book. I wish I had a physical copy to refer to (listened on audible).
September 17, 2024
Good history, but not as groundbreaking as Bushman’s earlier work.
He proves again that a believing scholar can analyze his religion dispassionately and in an idiom intelligible to the scholarly community.
He proves again that a believing scholar can analyze his religion dispassionately and in an idiom intelligible to the scholarly community.
January 3, 2024
Very thorough and educational. However, two or three chapters in the second half of the book could’ve been omitted.
February 10, 2024
Interesting book about the gold plates that Joseph Smith translated into The Book of Mormon
April 30, 2024
2024- April
November 24, 2024
This book was a fun read, with lots of great writing from Richard Bushman. I enjoyed hearing his discussion of artistic, literary, and poetic representations of the golden plates in culture.
October 6, 2025
I really liked the neutral take this book had on the Book of Mormon. It is a comprehensive history of just the Book of Mormon and it poses great points to the history of its translation.
February 21, 2025
Accessible, engaging, enchanting. A wonderful introduction and overview of the history of the Gold Plates that has helped to spark my imagination around history and scriptures.
December 6, 2024
Interesting walk through the history of the gold plates from all aspects (historical, cultural, etc.), including some of the more prominent arguments for and against their existence. It could have used some editing - Bushman tends to repeat himself a lot and wander off on tangents.
The one question he leaves unanswered is perhaps the most important - if the plates were not technically required for translation by revelation, why did Joseph even need to have them? My answer is that the plates were physical evidence of the reality of their contents, and that Lehi and Nephi and Mormon were real people. They also may have served to help Joseph have the necessary faith to receive the revelation needed for translation, as a tangible object (much like Dumbo's feather).
The one question he leaves unanswered is perhaps the most important - if the plates were not technically required for translation by revelation, why did Joseph even need to have them? My answer is that the plates were physical evidence of the reality of their contents, and that Lehi and Nephi and Mormon were real people. They also may have served to help Joseph have the necessary faith to receive the revelation needed for translation, as a tangible object (much like Dumbo's feather).
December 8, 2023
Not as exciting as Rough Stone Rolling or Joseph Smith and the beginning of modern day Mormonism. Read those two books first.
May 29, 2024
In typical Bushman fashion.
Well researched.
Fair.
Balanced.
Thought provoking.
Well researched.
Fair.
Balanced.
Thought provoking.
Displaying 1 - 29 of 29 reviews