After a slow, shaky start, this turned out to be utterly gripping and - despite flashes of pure comedy - intensely disturbing. Published in 1921, Elizabeth von Arnim’s tragicomic novel contains all the ingredients of popular romances of her era but recombined to leave a lingering, bitter aftertaste; shattering any illusions about all-consuming love inevitably resulting in happy-ever-after marriages. Lucy, a sheltered, young woman orphaned and grieving after her father’s sudden death, is swept off her feet by a handsome, wealthy, outwardly-protective, older man. Together, they overcome every potential obstacle to their relationship, marry and settle down in his opulent, country mansion. Along with Jane Eyre, von Arnim’s story is said to be one of the inspirations for Daphne du Maurier’s later Rebecca. And, like Max de Winter in du Maurier’s novel, Everard the man at the centre of von Arnim’s narrative’s been married before. His first wife Vera died in mysterious circumstances – possibly a suicide and one which bears an uncanny resemblance to Bertha Mason’s in Charlotte Brontë’s story. He meets and starts to pursue Lucy just weeks later.
For Lucy becoming Everard’s wife is the stuff of fairy tales – she’s the delicate princess, he’s the seasoned knight who rescues her. But there’s a catch, the house they’re going to inhabit is where Vera met her violent end, and Lucy’s scared ghostly traces of Vera might haunt its rooms. She’s right to be afraid, just not of Vera. Once sure of his catch, Everard’s low-key but overbearing manipulations become increasingly fraught, blatantly, irrationally controlling. At times witnessing their interactions, even with the numerous instances of comic relief, was almost unbearably tense. Everard’s character was partly inspired by von Arnim’s ex-husband, several sections apparently reproduce scenes from their life together. But equally Everard reads like a fairy tale figure, just not the kind Lucy longs for, closer to a rampaging ogre or a murderous Bluebeard. Although I was also reminded of Dracula feeding on Lucy Westenra, there’s something near-vampiric about Everard’s treatment of “his” Lucy. But Lucy seems almost destined to be someone others feed on. For all the sentimentalising about her tender, Bloomsbury-based father, he positioned her as his full-time carer, draining her emotional and physical resources and isolating her from wider, harsher realities. One of the reasons she’s so frustratingly trusting and innocent. For the voracious, authoritarian Everard she’s the perfect prey. Like Frederick with Miranda in The Collector, Lucy’s an object, at best a pretty doll to be played with, essentially a possession expected to cater to Everard’s every whim and desire.
Just as von Arnim’s narrative systematically tears down conventional love-and-marriage fantasies, she also seems to be commenting on the lack of viable escape routes. Despite gradual social and cultural shifts, marriage still effectively required women’s submission, rape in marriage wasn’t recognised, grounds for divorce were limited. One of these was so-called cruelty. And Lucy’s experiences, perhaps deliberately, line up perfectly with debates around what should count as cruel. One contribution to a parliamentary debate in early 1920 could almost have been written with Lucy’s situation in mind – or vice-versa:
“Let hon. Members look at the definition…of cruelty… and they will find that cruelty is conduct which involves, among other things, risks to bodily or mental health…What is cruelty which involves a risk to mental health? Does it include cruel, cutting words, continual, scornful criticism, hectoring reproaches, petty dictatorial tyranny, derisive trampling upon the ideals or the spiritual beliefs of the other party to the marriage? Does it involve any of these things? Those are all matters of cruelty infinitely more intolerable to any sensitive soul than mere bruises, which you can exhibit to a jury, but they are not dealt with. No relief whatever is granted for such breaches.”
Although von Arnim’s plot’s pretty straightforward, her story’s richly intertextual and incredibly intricate. My favourite character, Lucy’s unmarried Aunt Dot who’s suspicious of Everard from very early on, seems to have been plucked from the pages of the spinster narratives circulating at the time. But, instead of reinforcing stereotypes of lonely, embittered, surplus women, she’s easily the most content, most rational of all von Arnim’s characters here. Like an amateur detective, she carefully collects and analyses clues pointing to Everard’s true intentions. There are also remarkably sympathetic portraits of Everard’s servants, refreshingly uncondescending, as well as broader considerations of class divides in England. Lucy’s family background is liberal, bohemian intellectual. But narcissistic Everard epitomises a particular brand of unwavering masculine conservatism, he never once doubts that his way is the right way – in the shadow of WW1 he’s a painful reminder of the kind of mentality behind the politicians and officers who unhesitatingly sent countless men to their death. Alongside all of this there’s an immensely unsettling, erotic dimension that Freud would have loved.