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264 pages, Hardcover
Published January 1, 2022
"...Getting from a culture of reusables to a throwaway society didn’t happen by accident. Because plastic was wasteful, advertising campaigns had to accustom consumers to the idea. It took a very concerted effort, over years. I remember when companies started advertising wastefulness as a virtue and something to be desired. The ads made a massive new push for a plastic revolution. “Use once; throw away” was one common tagline. “Disposable” was another."
"Plastic is so permanent because of its structure at a molecular level. All substances existing on Earth—natural and manmade, living and nonliving—are made of chemical molecules held together with electricity. Think of all substances as clumps of stuck-together Lego bricks: The Lego bricks (molecules) that make up a substance snap together to create something, but with enough force, the bricks can be pulled apart, and the appearance—and sometimes chemical composition or state—of the substance will change when their bonds are broken.
We think of the plastic items we use every day—a list that, if you have kids, may include those beloved Danish plastic toy bricks, in addition to things like plastic straws and smartphones—as relatively unchanging things. But the reality is that they are made up of elemental molecules that, with enough heat, electrical or chemical energy, or physical force, should be capable of being pulled apart.
Yet, instead of breaking down into simple molecular components, like organic substances do, plastic breaks up into smaller and smaller pieces, pieces that remain plastic forever—as far as scientists can tell today. As soon as a plastic item is manufactured, it begins breaking up into bits. In the oceans, it may take a plastic item anywhere from a few dozen to hundreds of years, depending on the item and the conditions to which it is subjected, to completely break up into a collection of plastic particles.23
Plastic’s inevitable breakup at sea is greatly accelerated by heat and the sun’s rays, as well as the physical pounding of strong rains, waves, and wind, which break the bonds that hold plastic molecules together. Buoyant plastic floating on or just beneath the sea surface is exposed to the greatest amounts of sunlight, heat, and physical forces, so it tends to break up faster than plastic items that sink to the seafloor, where there is little to no sunlight and less movement.24
Plastic, the poster-child material of industrialization, was created to defy nature, to game the ephemerality of life. And so, plastic persists..."