Female criminals were considered moral deviants who challenged their expected gender role through their transgressions. Women were deemed to be more passive, but they were not thought to be prone to criminality, so the crimes they did commit were either ignored or seen as unusual. Therefore, with some exceptions, female crime was thought to be less threatening.Female murderers were an especially complex category, depending on the nature of the murder. In cases of infanticide, courts were often reluctant to convict mothers and witnesses tried to demonstrate that the women had displayed some maternal feelings before the child’s birth, to prove that they never intended to kill their babies. On the other hand, wives who murdered their husbands or masters were seen as particularly evil, since their actions undermined patriarchal rule; the crime was a form of petty treason.Since they spent more time in the private sphere, they were more likely to be accused of crimes which took place there, such as offences surrounding childbirth, which primarily took place in the home.Of course, women were never confined to the home, and they did have opportunities to commit offences in the public sphere, often connected to their occupations and the types of leisure activities they engaged in.Theft is the one major category of offences where women accounted for a significant proportion of defendants.New immigrants to the metropolis were often cut off from support networks.Moreover, women’s wages were typically significantly lower than men’s, and their jobs were less secure.All court personnel were men.The only women present in the courtroom were witnesses or spectators in the gallery, unless a jury of matrons was needed to determine if a convicted woman was pregnant. As a result, appearing as a defendant would have been intimidating for women.Some juries treated female witnesses more sceptically than men, and female testimony was more likely to be omitted from the Proceedings.In 1623 women found guilty of the theft of goods less than 10 shillings in value were allowed benefit of clergy, and in 1691 women were granted the privilege on the same terms as men.