Science as we know it today didnot exist in 1600, yet by 1900 it had become part of the greatest force of social change in human history. How did that happen? This book points to an answer. Using intersecting histories of the physical, life, and social sciences and mathematics, it traces the growth of modern science from its seventeenth-century birth through its nineteenth-century mauration. It begins with the backstory of that birth and ends at the turn of the twentieth century, when mature modern science underwent a profound transformation, intellectually and in relation to societies worldwide.