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350 pages, Hardcover
First published May 14, 2024
Price changes are regularly seen not as an outcome of a market process by movements in supply and demand, but as if they’ve been decreed or determined by some malevolent actor. That view leads to their disdain. People see large discrepancies between the market price and what they think the good should be valued at, or what they are willing to pay for it, and conclude that market prices must be wrong. That conclusion then encourages the use of price controls and other business regulations. But it’s important to realize that the popular rejection of market prices does not stem just from the distributional consequences of market outcomes, but also from a misunderstanding of how to think about prices, compared with the very different concept of value.
Subjective value theory thus turns the labor theory on its head. The value of outputs isn’t determined by the value of labor inputs (from which, if you’re a Marxist or Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez (AOC), capitalists then “steal” profits). No. The value of inputs like labor, or land, or capital is determined by the value that their outputs could have in terms of usefulness in the future to others, at the margin. Not in total, and not in the past. Such prices arise naturally from human interaction. People facing them will make the correct decisions about what to do next.
Confusing inflation and relative prices can have dire consequences, not only for understanding the economy, but for public policy as well. Diverting resources from one industry to another (as was done by the misleadingly named Inflation Reduction Act and other industrial policy interventions) will artificially modify relative prices, but cannot reduce inflation. Inflation can only be controlled by drying up its source, which lies in the Federal Reserve’s monetary policy. Relative prices, on the other hand, must be free to adjust to movements of supply and demand. Therefore, there is much at stake in clearing up this mistaken conflation.
The price system doesn’t guarantee nirvana, heaven, perfection. But beware of making the imagined perfect the enemy of the actual pretty good. Money prices don’t value us ethically. But they have yielded a 3,000 percent increase in human material welfare since 1800. Not too shabby. Let’s keep it going.