Highly knowledgeable and balanced analysis of Ukrainian-Polish struggle over a territory and a chance for a mono-ethnic state during the WWII. Ukrainians, a discriminated against minority in the Polish state, wanted independence in these areas where they constituted a majority of the population (cresy). Some nationalistic groups decided that the best way to that was siding with the Germans. In that context Ukrainian police, military, and para-military groups assisted with the murder of the Jews and with German struggle against the partisans. Shortly, though, they discovered that the Germans are not interested in Ukrainian independence and many of the supporters of nationalist groups found themselves under arrest. On the other hand, some of these groups decided to exploit the chaotic conditions and get rid of the Polish population in Volyn and in Eastern Galicia, both areas with overwhelming Ukrainian majority, in order to make sure the area would go to the Ukrainian state during the post-war settlement. The way to get rid of this population was through brutal massacres of defenseless civil Polish population - largely peasants. The Polish underground and, occasionally, even the Germans (who were also often attacked), attempted to prevent the massacres. The author points out that these defenders occasionally performed massacres of their own against Ukrainian villagers (whose opinion of the situation is unclear, since they were terrorized by the nationalists as well as by the Polish underground). He also points out that, unlike the Ukrainian massacres, these were not policy driven, but mostly revenge attacks. The author also points out that the Polish underground priorized keeping the Polish population in the area, hoping that it will go to Poland after the war. After describing these massacres (largely in 1943-1945 in Volyn and in Eastern Galicia, though the author also deals with some areas with Polish majority like Lublin where UPA-B, the nationalist group largely responsible for the massacres, was considerably weaker and the Polish underground considerably stronger, the author continues discussing the after the war settlement. The Soviet army conquered all the area and Stalin decided that cresy will become part of Soviet Union. To overcome the Polish resistance, he decided on population exchange where the Poles from these areas will emigrate to Poland and the Ukrainians from Poland will come to Soviet Union. After the polish population understood that the area will indeed remain Soviet, many emigrated willingly, though others submitted to government's pressure. On the other hand, Ukrainians from Poland did not wish to go to Soviet Union and were forced to do so. These who managed to avoid immigrating were sent to the previously German areas newly acquired by Poland, also by force. The author claims that the Polish government's statement that this was the best way to deal with Ukrainian underground is not viable, since even these Ukrainians (and Lemkes) who were clearly supporters of the government were made to leave. He claims that Poland, wishing for a mono-ethnic state, attempted to use forced migration in order to assimilate the Ukrainian population.
Basically, the author tells a story of two attempts to create a mono-ethnic state, one considerably more genocidal than the other, but both involving victimization of civilians and both ultimately unsuccessful.