By endurance we conquer
-- Sir Ernest Shackleton's family motto
The tree has been dragged to the curb. The lights are all packed. The wrapping paper has been recycled. All the new toys have been forgotten by the children, who are already asking for newer toys. Christmas is over. The long dark of the year has begun.
The other day I had the following conversation with my five year-old. It started when I asked her if she could sing something other than Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer. You know, before I punched myself into unconsciousness.
MILLIE: Is Christmas over?
ME: Yes.
MILLIE: Then how come it’s still winter?
ME: Because it’s a cruel world.
MILLIE: What’s “cruel”?
ME: You know, it’s like we’re in Narnia, under the White Witch.
MILLIE: Is that the movie with Bilbo?
ME: [Rubbing temples] Just sing something from Moana, okay?
MILLIE: Can I watch the iPad instead?
ME: [Resigned nod of head]
The beacon of winter, the parties, the wine, the cookies, is in the past. Now it’s just cold. Cold without joy. Books are an escape. But escape to where? One school of thought says to read something warm. Pretend you are in a better place, without freezing rainstorms, lung-aching wind chills, and dress shoes eaten away by road salt.
I didn't go in that direction, though. I steered into the skid. I went to my bookshelf to find the most miserable title about winter I could find. Hampton Sides’ In the Kingdom of Ice turned out to be the perfect choice.
In the Kingdom of Ice tells the true story of the 1879 Polar expedition of the U.S.S. Jeanette. The expedition was run by the U.S. Navy, but was funded by the wealthy, unconventional James Gordon Bennett, Jr., who owned The New York Herald. It was Bennett who’d sent Stanley to find Livingstone, and he understood the advantages of both making and reporting the news.
The expedition set sail from San Francisco under the command of Lieutenant Commander George De Long, who’d already proven his mettle and courage among the ice floes of the Arctic The purpose of the Jeanette expedition was to reach the North Pole via the Bering Strait. The ship did not make much headway before getting stuck fast in the ice pack, northeast of Wrangel Island.
For nearly two years, the Jeanette drifted in a northwesterly direction. The ship had been well designed and well provisioned, and the men handled the situation with remarkable aplomb. The greatest trials they faced during this time was irritation with one another, especially a civilian expedition member who loved punning.
Then, on June 12, 1881, the unrelenting pressure of the ice crushed the Jeanette and sent her to the bottom. All 33 crewmembers survived the initial sinking. They also managed to salvage a decent supply of provisions and three small boats. Now the real adventure began. A journey of hundreds of miles across a frozen sea, through a maze-like labyrinth of ice. They overcame hunger and storms, blindness and despair. One guy even had progressive syphilitic conditions, which is tough enough on dry land (or so I’m told). Most never made it home again.
Sides tells this story brilliantly. To my mind, he is one of the best author-historians working today. It begins with his characterizations, which are deep and well-rounded. The people who walk across this stage are brought memorably back to life. Start with Bennett, the founder of the feast. The word eccentric doesn’t do him justice. This is a man who once covered the front page of his newspaper with a fake story about animals getting loose from the zoo and running amuck. Wait, you say, fake news is nothing. That happens every day now. But this is also a man who lost his fiancé when he went to her house, drank some punch, and then urinated into the grand piano. Sides also develops August Petermann, the troubled German cartographer who believed that warm ocean currents created an Open Polar Sea, and Emily De Long, wife of the commander, who wrote countless poignant letters with no sure destination for them to be mailed.
In Sides' hands, the crew of the Jeanette become like old pals. There is Melville, the chief engineer, a sort of 19th century MacGyver; Nindemann, a hearty quartermaster of “ferocious competency”; and Jerome Collins, a meteorologist, Herald correspondent, and pun-master extraordinaire. The calm center of this storm is Commander De Long. In photographs he does not appear imposing; bookish, rather, and sometimes bespectacled. But he was strong and brave and tough as hell.
Sides delivers this epic saga with a wealth of detail. He does an excellent job setting the context of Polar exploration, describing in detail Petermann’s theory that a ring of ice floes surrounded a life-sustaining landmass at the top of the world. The evocation of shipboard life once the Jeanette has wedged into the ice is fascinating. Days, months, years went by, and the men remained in place, hunting, taking scientific measurements, exercising, celebrating holidays, and gradually moving at the pace of the sea. The crew’s trek once the Jeanette sinks is told in excruciating detail. You are right there with them as their chances to survive ebb and flow.
It helps that Sides has a good historical record to work with. When the Franklin Expedition went missing, there were no survivors to tell the story, and precious little evidence. Here, men survived to explain what happened. Books were written by the survivors. More than that, De Long went to extraordinary lengths to save the expedition’s logs and journals – even to the extent of hampering their escape. This means there is a wealth of eyewitness testimony to give depth to this story. We are often privy to the thoughts and feelings of the crew as their plight unfolds.
Of course, having a bunch of material to work with is one thing; actually using it to your advantage is another. Sides is more than up to this challenge. He does an excellent job structuring the narrative to create tension and suspense. My general rule, as I’ve stated elsewhere, is that works of history do not require “spoiler” tags, for the simple reason that we’re dealing with actual human beings. When we speak of men who actually walked the earth, the answer of who lives, who dies, is not typically an article of amusement. Here, though, Sides writes with an assumption (in my case accurate) that you are unfamiliar with this tale. He teases out the drama without being exploitative. The result is compelling, even powerful. Sides is a natural and effortless storyteller.
There is something almost perverse in De Long’s mission. They sailed up north knowing they’d get stuck in the ice, but did so anyway, in pursuit of a chimera, a warm water ocean surrounded by ice. The Jeanette expedition disproved that idea and mapped some islands, but nothing they did can be said to have been worth a life. Yet they followed an ancient human impulse; and while many (so, so many) human impulses are small and petty, this one is large and spirited and big-hearted. Sometimes it takes a fool’s errand to discover how transcendent of pain and obstacles a person can be.
In the Kingdom of Ice doesn’t need me to imbue it with any platitudes. More than anything else, it is damn entertaining history. It certainly puts winter in perspective. Yes, it is a pain to scrape my car’s windshield in the morning, but at least it was not crushed by enormous blocks of ice. And though I do not enjoy shoveling my driveway before dawn, in order to get to work, at least I don’t have to boil my shoes and eat them for sustenance.