All these articles were written by scholars of the Annales school—and it shows. Many are informative, yet they’re marred by outdated, repetitive concepts, occasional internal contradictions, circular reasoning, and a clear political slant. Some passages are downright absurd—like comparing farmer rebellions in the Middle Ages to modern labor strikes, implying they were of similar frequency and intent. The author clearly lost touch with reality! For context: in 400 years of medieval history, Portugal experienced only about half a dozen peasant revolts, while in 2024 alone, Portugal recorded 1,099 strike notices—down from roughly 1,495 in 2023, but still on an entirely different scale! Despite these flaws, the volume does contain genuinely valuable insights.
Below you can find a summary of each article. I preferred to keep the Italian title and mentioned the author of each paper:
Introduzione – Jacques Le Goff
Sets the stage by presenting the idea of identifying ten “types” of medieval person—monks, knights, peasants, townspeople, intellectuals, artists, merchants, women, saints, and the marginalized. He explores shared medieval mentalities: obsession with sin, the blurred line between this world and the beyond, the centrality of the miracle and intercessio.
I monaci – Giovanni Miccoli
Describes monks as the praying class (“oratores”) within the medieval tripartite society. Focuses on monastic life: literacy, libraries, scriptoria, the monastery as spiritual center, its role in hospitality, caring for the poor, and its royal patronage under Charlemagne and successors. Also the difference between the way monachism was seen in the eastern and western Christianity and throughout the Middle Ages.
Il guerriero e il cavaliere – Franco Cardini
Examines warriors and knights across martial and literary dimensions—from chansons de geste to Arthurian romances. Discusses their heroism, religious fervor (Crusades), questing behavior, identity, and symbolic roles in medieval culture . Fails miserably to show us how they lived and thinked. Focus on ideas of chivalry, pax Dei, etc but doesn’t even mention Eleanor of Aquitaine!
Il contadino e il lavoro dei campi – Giovanni Cherubini
Explores peasant life: their labor in fields, seasonal transhumance, woodcutting, community festivals, the central place of the Church, and the role of peasant satire and popular belief systems.
Il cittadino e la vita di città – Jacques Rossiaud
Outlines urban life: demographic diversity, citizenship rituals, communal security, sanitation issues, economic reliance on money, schools, festivals, and developing civic etiquette—manners, modesty, public ceremony. The main focus is on belonging to a community, to a guild, to a neighbourhood.
L’intellettuale – Mariateresa Fumagalli Beonio Brocchieri
Depicts scholars and clerics—magister, philosophus, doctor, litteratus—who were literate, mobile, often celibate, and engaged in university life. Addresses tensions between church orthodoxy and intellectual freedom (e.g., Averroës, Dante).
L’artista – Enrico Castelnuovo
Focuses on medieval artists: largely anonymous creators (sculptors, miniaturists, architects) working within ecclesiastical and patronage systems. Explores the symbolic role of art in churches, devotion, and monastic culture (drawn from broader studies).
Il mercante – Aron Ja. Gurevich
Displays merchants as an ambiguous, often mistrusted group—associated with finance, usury, and travelling, evolving into reputable money changers. Highlights the emergence of practical knowledge, languages, and urban teaching of arithmetic.
La donna e la famiglia – Christiane Klapisch Zuber
Examines women in medieval society through family roles: daughter, wife, widow; constrained by kinship, property rights, and Church norms. Argues women's power lay in the domestic sphere, tied to marriage, dowry, and household management.
Il santo – André Vauchez
Addresses saints and sanctity: holy men and women, relics, miracle narratives, and the process of sainthood. Connects devotion, cult practices, and the intercession of saints in daily medieval faith. The several types of preferred saints in different periods of the Middle Ages; from hermits, to kings and nobles and friars in contact with the community.
L’emarginato – Bronisław Geremek
Explores marginalized individuals—beggars, lepers, heretics, “others”—examining how medieval society viewed and reacted to them: with fear, exclusion, or charity – or all of these together! Highlights their complex role at society's edges.
This collection offers a cultural anthropology of medieval personality types and social roles, with each chapter weaving together case studies, mentalities, and social functions. Together, these works create a mosaic that reveals how diverse identities intersected within medieval Europe’s worldviews and institutions from roughly 800 AD (with occasional earlier examples) to 1500 AD.
While these papers yield valuable insights—particularly at an undergraduate level—they fall short for anyone seeking a foundational understanding of medieval mindsets and daily life. For that purpose, there are far stronger works available.