The Space Between by Lauren Keenan
The space between is vast, and all those who inhabit it don’t belong. It is a space cluttered with lies and injustice. In and around New Plymouth, Taranaki in 1860 there were two societies, Te Atiawa Maori and white settlers transplanted mostly from Britain and Europe. In the novel The Space Between, Lauren Keenan shows us that the interaction of those two societies is a place of alienating and heartbreaking chaos, a time in the past from which echoes still reach into the present. The author with her extensive historical knowledge of this time of conflict opens a window into the past with her narrative. Te reo is used more extensively than in most NZ novels, which is a welcome trend for the NZ indigenous language, which after all has had official legal status for over 35 years.
Through the novel the story is told from the alternating points of view of two women, in the form of one chapter each, which is sometimes frustrating because it breaks up the plot line, but it allows the reader to closely experience both points of view. Mataria is a Maori woman with two children to her husband, the tough and wry English settler Henry White. Frances Farrington is a settler woman newly arrived in New Plymouth, with her mother and brother from upper class English society. Frances knew Henry White as her fiance in England many years ago but he mysteriously vanished, leaving Frances carrying a flame for 12 long years and without closure about his disappearance. The story starts with Frances and Henry meeting again by a trans-planet co-incidence. Henry reappears to her in a New Plymouth street, changed by life circumstances and roughened in appearance, carrying a sack of flour and wearing a Maori rain cloak of kiekie. Their re-acquaintance drives the plot.
In the story, and almost as vast as that space between, is the gulf that exists between humans of the same bloodlines, humans who are cruel to each other, who suppress and blame others. Mataria feels rejected by her sister Atarangi, the only whanau she has, and the one who could be the most supportive to her. Atarangi blames Mataria for their mother’s death, and for being captured into slavery, yet she still shows her loyalty in the care of Mataria’s children, “the fair ones” as she calls them. Mataria is constantly crippled by her painful leg, which is ignored by her sister, and we don’t know the origin of her injury.
Henry and Mataria exist in the space between Maori and English. So despite being worlds apart in their understanding of Te Ao Maori, they are close mates united in their alienation from both worlds, and sharing the care of their children. Henry is the go between. That is the use for him amongst his adopted Maori whanau. He is a survivor who is used to the slings and arrows, who often brushes serious situations aside with light hearted banter. He heads into the hazardous town of New Plymouth to sell his farm produce and he loyally supports his wife and their two children. Though not totally accepted or trusted by Te Atiawa, Henry is living on their whenua and is tolerated as far as he can be made use of - as a provider of, firstly tobacco and secondly information privy only to English settlers. As Frances’s old beau, he is the link between the two women.
Frances is also in the space of not belonging. She is treated as a servant by her own family, she is the ground down younger sister, she makes fearful, complicated self-talk. Her mother, clinging to the English upper class mores, represents the epitome of settler ignorance and racism. Frances’s self-seeking older brother George is a typical racist colonist and has a bad reputation. The Farringtons were a family of British upper class standing, but this class system translates in the Antipodean settler world of Taranaki as ridiculous and irrelevant. Frances is the worker who holds her family together, and waits dutifully on her mother who seems unaware of practicalities, the bread-and-butter survival skills of life. Frances notes ironically that “the more useless the person is, the more Mother respects them”. Frances takes pride in her first steps towards practical survival, learning to bake a loaf of bread and to turn the heavy butter churn, skills she was taught by the last servant the Farringtons had. After that servant left, word got out about George’s mistreatment, and disrespecful attitude towards employees and no one would work for him. This illustrates how settlers in NZ quickly developed an independence from the British class system, very different from the oppression in England.
The indignities and injustices placed on Te Atiawa iwi are cruel, and clearly documented by Keenan. They experienced colonisation on their own whenua, the 19th century foreshadowing of Apartheid. The British violently drove Te Atiawa out of Pukeariki which had been the central papakainga in the place the settlers renamed as New Plymouth. The exiles were forced to seek refuge in Mataria’s pa at Ngamotu, causing overcrowded conditions which spread the “illness” affecting many at that time, and tragically killing some children. Maori had to have passes to travel from Ngamotu within their own rohe to New Plymouth. A living example of this is described after Mataria and Henry had been considering where to take their children for safety from the impending war. Realising that travel in and around New Plymouth is her only option, Mataria succumbs to the idea of having to swear allegiance to the British queen, tries unsuccessfully to get a pass, but not an hour later is arrested for not having one, and cruelly imprisoned for several days. This injustice is witnessed first hand by Frances, and the storekeepers, the Thorpes. Frances, herself a person in the space between, is outraged by the events and feels empathy towards Mataria, as do the Thorpes.
Tumatauenga the god of war continually threatens to burst forth. We see the fierce strong paddling haka of the waka full of warriors, a contrast to the British infantry marching on land with guns. We view the self-imprisonment of the settlers in their own bastion of New Plymouth town, we learn of the compulsory exile of the Maori from their papakainga in the centre of New Plymouth, because it was inconvenient for the British to have them living there. In the background, we hear about Wiremu Kingitanga and the British troops declaring war. We have the historical fact of the Taranaki land wars which began in 1860, around summertime (the harakeke flowers being orange is our clue), and the story describes the few weeks through to the outbreak of war. During this period there was continued violent subjugation of women, children and non-warrior Maori by the British troops.
I find the ending rather abrupt. In the second to last chapter the suspense is building, then suddenly the final chapter starts with “The months passed” followed by a hasty revelation and resolution of events. Such a quick wrap up is a little unsatisfactory for the reader, but perhaps Keenan is setting it up for a sequel. And also, could the reference to Mataria’s earlier traumas when she was captured as a slave and taken up North by the Waikato, be laying the ground for a prequel? If written, I would definitely like to read them. Keenan has a huge amount of knowledge of Te Atiawa history to share, and she employs te reo in a conversational and lyrical way for this excellent purpose.