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Δοκίμια μεταψυχολογίας
Μεταψυχολογία ονόμασε ο Φρόυντ την περιγραφή της ψυχικής διαδικασίας βάσει τοπικών, δυναμικών και οικονομικών σχημάτων. Αυτά είναι εποπτικά, θα λέγαμε, μέσα, ρητορικές συμβάσεις, που βοηθούν να παρασταθεί, να αναδειχθεί, να «ομιληθεί» ό,τι εξ ορισμού ήταν εκείνη την εποχή, και εξακολουθεί να είναι, σχεδόν ασύλληπτο, αδιανόητο και αδιατύπωτο, δηλαδή ο ανθρώπινος ψυχισμός και οι διεργασίες του, πολλώ μάλλον όταν αυτές είναι ασυνείδητες.
Έτσι, τα "Δοκίμια μεταψυχολογίας" επιχειρούν να θεμελιώσουν και να αποσαφηνίσουν σ' ένα γενικότερο θεωρητικό και αναστοχαστικό επίπεδο τις βασικές έννοιες πάνω στις οποίες στηρίζεται η έρευνα και η θεραπευτική πρακτική του πατέρα της ψυχανάλυσης, πράγμα που μαρτυρεί τη βαθιά φιλοσοφική του φύση. Τέτοιες έννοιες είναι η ενόρμηση, το ασυνείδητο, η απώθηση, το όνειρο υπό το πρίσμα των μεταψυχολογικών σχημάτων, το πένθος και η μελαγχολία.
«Όταν κορυφώνοντας την αυτοκριτική του [ο μελαγχολικός] παρουσιάζει τον εαυτό του ως μικροπρεπή, εγωιστή, άδικο, εξαρτημένο, κάποιον που το μόνο που έκανε είναι να κρύβει τις αδυναμίες της ύπαρξής του, ενδέχεται να έχει φτάσει, όσο γνωρίζουμε, πολύ κοντά στην αυτογνωσία, οπότε θα αναρωτηθούμε απλώς γιατί πρέπει να αρρωστήσει κανείς πρώτα για να μπορέσει να προσεγγίσει σε μιαν ανάλογη αλήθεια». (Sigmund Freud)
Έτσι, τα "Δοκίμια μεταψυχολογίας" επιχειρούν να θεμελιώσουν και να αποσαφηνίσουν σ' ένα γενικότερο θεωρητικό και αναστοχαστικό επίπεδο τις βασικές έννοιες πάνω στις οποίες στηρίζεται η έρευνα και η θεραπευτική πρακτική του πατέρα της ψυχανάλυσης, πράγμα που μαρτυρεί τη βαθιά φιλοσοφική του φύση. Τέτοιες έννοιες είναι η ενόρμηση, το ασυνείδητο, η απώθηση, το όνειρο υπό το πρίσμα των μεταψυχολογικών σχημάτων, το πένθος και η μελαγχολία.
«Όταν κορυφώνοντας την αυτοκριτική του [ο μελαγχολικός] παρουσιάζει τον εαυτό του ως μικροπρεπή, εγωιστή, άδικο, εξαρτημένο, κάποιον που το μόνο που έκανε είναι να κρύβει τις αδυναμίες της ύπαρξής του, ενδέχεται να έχει φτάσει, όσο γνωρίζουμε, πολύ κοντά στην αυτογνωσία, οπότε θα αναρωτηθούμε απλώς γιατί πρέπει να αρρωστήσει κανείς πρώτα για να μπορέσει να προσεγγίσει σε μιαν ανάλογη αλήθεια». (Sigmund Freud)
142 pages, Paperback
Published January 1, 2020
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About the author
Sigmund Freud
4,497 books8,588 followersDr. Sigismund Freud (later changed to Sigmund) was a neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, who created an entirely new approach to the understanding of the human personality. He is regarded as one of the most influential—and controversial—minds of the 20th century.
In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.
Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.
In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.
After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.
In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.
Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.
In 1873, Freud began to study medicine at the University of Vienna. After graduating, he worked at the Vienna General Hospital. He collaborated with Josef Breuer in treating hysteria by the recall of painful experiences under hypnosis. In 1885, Freud went to Paris as a student of the neurologist Jean Charcot. On his return to Vienna the following year, Freud set up in private practice, specialising in nervous and brain disorders. The same year he married Martha Bernays, with whom he had six children.
Freud developed the theory that humans have an unconscious in which sexual and aggressive impulses are in perpetual conflict for supremacy with the defences against them. In 1897, he began an intensive analysis of himself. In 1900, his major work 'The Interpretation of Dreams' was published in which Freud analysed dreams in terms of unconscious desires and experiences.
In 1902, Freud was appointed Professor of Neuropathology at the University of Vienna, a post he held until 1938. Although the medical establishment disagreed with many of his theories, a group of pupils and followers began to gather around Freud. In 1910, the International Psychoanalytic Association was founded with Carl Jung, a close associate of Freud's, as the president. Jung later broke with Freud and developed his own theories.
After World War One, Freud spent less time in clinical observation and concentrated on the application of his theories to history, art, literature and anthropology. In 1923, he published 'The Ego and the Id', which suggested a new structural model of the mind, divided into the 'id, the 'ego' and the 'superego'.
In 1933, the Nazis publicly burnt a number of Freud's books. In 1938, shortly after the Nazis annexed Austria, Freud left Vienna for London with his wife and daughter Anna.
Freud had been diagnosed with cancer of the jaw in 1923, and underwent more than 30 operations. He died of cancer on 23 September 1939.
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