He’s a great novelist – we have the Nobel Prize Committee’s assurance for it. But which is Naipaul’s greatest novel? My vote would go to Guerrillas. Like much of his best fiction it has a hard kernel of historical fact, laced with the author’s particular brand of acidic contempt and some plausible fictional extrapolation. Marxist analysis likes to see guerrillas as proto-revolutionaries. The dyspeptic Naipaul sees them as harbingers of chaos. The novel’s epigraph (repeated in the body of the text) is:
When everybody wants to fight there’s nothing to fight for. Everybody wants to fight his own little war, everybody is a guerrilla.
The central ‘guerrilla’ in Guerrillas is based on ‘Michael X’, self-named in imitation of the American Malcolm X. He was born Michael de Freitas, of mixed race, in Trinidad (Naipaul was born there a few months earlier). The son of a Portuguese father, he could had he wished have ‘passed’ for white. He chose, instead, to embrace a black Muslim identity; another of his self-awarded names was ‘Abdul Malik’. Before he became political, de Freitas worked in London as a thug enforcer for the crook/property tycoon, Peter Rachman – linked through Rachman’s mistress, Mandy Rice-Davies, to the Profumo scandal. After being ‘radicalised’, he attracted publicity as an evangelist for Black Power and Black Pride. Having fleeced various rich bien-pensant dupes in the UK (John Lennon, famously), and falling foul of the law, Michael X fled back to Trinidad as a self-declared revolutionary leader. Among the ‘commune’ he set up there was an English convert, Gale Benson, the daughter of a Tory MP. She was killed – hacked to death like a side of beef. De Freitas was convicted of murder and hanged in 1975.
A fascinated Naipaul wrote a long essay on the subject, ‘Michael X and the Black Power Killings in Trinidad’ (1979), and a fictional version of de Freitas appears as the central character, Jimmy Ahmed, in Guerrillas. The novel complicates things well beyond the strict historical record. The action is set on an unnamed West Indian island, manifestly Trinidad, polluted – atmospherically and socially – by a multinational bauxite mining company. The three principals are: a white South African intellectual, Peter Roche, exiled for his Black Liberation sympathies; his mistress, an upper-class white woman, Jane; and Jimmy Ahmed, on the run from the UK, where he is wanted for rape. Ahmed has a ‘catamite’, one of the many boys he keeps, as a kind of posse, on his farm. He also, when he feels the need, borrows Jane from the complaisant Roche, who sees it as furthering the revolution. The multinational finances Ahmed with bribes – as insurance, in case he really does trigger a popular uprising and take things over.
The title – Guerrillas – is ironic: these are not freedom fighters, they are degenerates. The irony permeating the whole novel is implicit in the first sentence: ‘After lunch Jane and Roche left their house on the Ridge to drive to Thrushcross Grange.’ The allusions are mischievously obvious. Jane [Eyre] and Roche[ster] leave for the house which represents civilisation (as opposed to the savagery of Heathcliff’s house) in Wuthering Heights. The first Mrs Rochester, we recall, originated in the West Indies. Unlike Charlotte Brontë’s Jane, Naipaul’s will end up raped by her super-potent black lover and murdered by his accomplice. Everything, every value – moral, spiritual, ideological – is decayed. Naipaul contrives a landscape which breathes irremediable corruption:
The cleared land had been ridged and furrowed from end to end. The furrows were full of shiny green weeds; and the ridges, one or two of which showed haphazard, failed planting, were light brown and looked as dry as bone.
Looking at it through the car window, Jane says: ‘I used to think that England was in a state of decay.’ Roche replies, ironically, ‘Decayed from what?’
The narrative is laced with ineffable contempt for the author’s birthplace and what, after independence, it has more or less become. The plot follows the Michael X story, but with the difference that (having murdered his male lover) Jimmy goes on the run and escapes the rope. Roche leaves for a safer part of the world in which to play at guerrillas. The novel ends with Roche phoning Jimmy, warning him to keep his head down. God help the world if Naipaul’s world-view is accurate.