È stato scritto che gli Stati Uniti d'America, nati da un progetto politico e filosofico basato su ideali di libertà, democrazia e uguaglianza più che da una tradizione culturale o etnica comune, siano l'unica nazione ideologica al mondo, la "patria dei coraggiosi" e la "terra dei liberi", unica e "indivisibile sotto Dio", dove giustizia e libertà sono sempre a disposizione di tutti. Insieme a un mucchio di armi da fuoco e la possibilità di procurarsele e usarle indiscriminatamente. Questa raccolta di saggi di Richard Hofstadter, tra i massimi storici americani del Ventesimo secolo, raccoglie alcuni tra i suoi scritti più belli sul rapporto ambiguo che la patria di George Washington ha avuto fin dalle origini con pistole e fucili. Hofstadter indaga tale relazione con profondità e rigore, oltre che con la celebre scrittura raffinata e tagliente che gli valse il premio Pulitzer. Introdotto da un saggio in cui Emanuele Bevilacqua mostra come l'immaginario americano sia intriso della violenza delle armi da fuoco, gli scritti di Richard Hofstadter, di inquietante attualità, suonano ancora oggi come un monito che ci ricorda come in America il confine tra giustizia e caos sia spesso sottile come la canna di un fucile.
Richard Hofstadter was an American public intellectual, historian and DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History at Columbia University. In the course of his career, Hofstadter became the “iconic historian of postwar liberal consensus” whom twenty-first century scholars continue consulting, because his intellectually engaging books and essays continue to illuminate contemporary history.
His most important works are Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (1944); The American Political Tradition (1948); The Age of Reform (1955); Anti-intellectualism in American Life (1963), and the essays collected in The Paranoid Style in American Politics (1964). He was twice awarded the Pulitzer Prize: in 1956 for The Age of Reform, an unsentimental analysis of the populism movement in the 1890s and the progressive movement of the early 20th century; and in 1964 for the cultural history, Anti-intellectualism in American Life.
Richard Hofstadter was born in Buffalo, New York, in 1916 to a German American Lutheran mother and a Polish Jewish father, who died when he was ten. He attended the City Honors School, then studied philosophy and history at the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1933, under the diplomatic historian Julius Pratt. As he matured, he culturally identified himself primarily as a Jew, rather than as a Protestant Christian, a stance that eventually may have cost him professorships at Johns Hopkins University and the University of California, Berkeley, because of the institutional antisemitism of the 1940s.
As a man of his time, Richard Hofstadter was a Communist, and a member of the Young Communist League at university, and later progressed to Communist Party membership. In 1936, he entered the doctoral program in history at Columbia University, where Merle Curti was demonstrating how to synthesize intellectual, social, and political history based upon secondary sources rather than primary-source archival research. In 1938, he joined the Communist Party of the USA, yet realistically qualified his action: “I join without enthusiasm, but with a sense of obligation.... My fundamental reason for joining is that I don’t like capitalism and want to get rid of it. I am tired of talking.... The party is making a very profound contribution to the radicalization of the American people.... I prefer to go along with it now.” In late 1939, he ended the Communist stage of his life, because of the Soviet–Nazi alliance. He remained anti-capitalist: “I hate capitalism and everything that goes with it.”
In 1942, he earned his doctorate in history and in 1944 published his dissertation Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915, a pithy and commercially successful (200,000 copies) critique of late 19th century American capitalism and those who espoused its ruthless “dog-eat-dog” economic competition and justified themselves by invoking the doctrine of as Social Darwinism, identified with William Graham Sumner. Conservative critics, such as Irwin G. Wylie and Robert C. Bannister, however, disagree with this interpretation.