1217: The Battles that Saved England

by Catherine Hanley, Tina Ross (cartographer)

An engrossing history of the pivotal year 1217 when invading French forces were defeated and the future of England secured.

In 1215 King John had agreed to the terms of Magna Carta, but he then reneged on his word, plunging the kingdom into war. The rebellious barons offered the throne to the French prince Louis and set off the chain of events that almost changed the course of English history.

Louis first arrived in May 1216, was proclaimed king in the heart of London, and by the autumn had around half of England under his control. However, the choice of a French prince had enormous now not merely an internal rebellion, but a war in which the defenders were battling to prevent a foreign takeover. John's death in October 1216 left the throne in the hands of his 9-year-old son, Henry, and his regent, William Marshal, which changed the face of the war again, for now the king trying to fight off an invader was not a hated tyrant but an innocent child.

1217 charts the nascent sense of national identity that began to swell. Three key battles would determine England's destiny. The fortress of Dover was besieged, the city of Lincoln was attacked, and a great invasion force set sail, and unusually for the time, was intercepted at sea. Catherine Hanley expertly navigates medieval siege warfare, royal politics, and fighting at sea to bring this remarkable period of English history to life.

Genres: History, Medieval History, Nonfiction, Medieval, British Literature, Audiobook, France

304 pages, Paperback

Published September 9, 2025

Reviews

[Brendan (History Nerds United) · Rating 4 out of 5]

If you think you are having a bad year, take a look at what the English were dealing with in 1217. Catherine Hanley tells the story of how this fateful year became so pivotal in the future of England. While not everyone will know what is happening in England that year, most people will recognize the man at the center of it. One of the worst kings in English history, King John.

Now, "worst" can be very relative and there are many arguments that John wasn't as bad as history paints him because of Robin Hood. Although, it is funny that the best a historian can probably say about him is that he wasn't, "that bad." This book will certainly not improve your view of him. This narrative focuses specifically on King John trying to undo the work of the Magna Carta and then fight off a claimant to his throne.

Hanley needs to cover a lot (emphasis on LOT) of ground to make the politics of the period make sense. A warning to the reader, if you have never read anything about this period then it may be a bit too much all at once. Hanley does great work distilling everything down, but I did wonder if I would have been overwhelmed had I not been at least somewhat knowledgeable about the fall of King John beforehand. It's just something to keep in mind, but the book is a good read.

(This book was provided as an advance copy by Netgalley and Osprey Publishing.)

[Alexandra · Rating 4 out of 5]

Read courtesy of NetGalley.

An excellent book for anyone interested in the Middle Ages in England, and particularly issues conquering the monarchy. I've read book a bit about Magna Carta, but seeing this period immediately after its signing - how John and the Pope reacted, the split between royalist and rebel nobles - and the depth Hanley goes in to was fantastic. I had no idea (or had forgotten, having not studied it in detail) that Louis, heir to the French throne, actually landed in England and was acclaimed king of England! A period that should certainly be as well remembered as any other in terms of the development of an 'English' national identity.

Very accessible and easy to read; hadn't made the connection with the author's name, but of course Hanley also wrote a wonderful biography of the Empress Matilda. Would definitely read anything else she wrote.

And now I can bang on about why English monarchical reigns are dated from accession, not coronation, which looks like it might become a useful factoid again pretty soon.

[Robert · Rating 4 out of 5]

Disclosure: I received a free copy of this book from NetGalley and Osprey Publishing in exchange for an honest review.

Like most people I knew next to nothing about the French invasion of 1216-7, where a French Prince declared himself King of England. So I was interested in this book, which details this unknown, but very interesting historical event.

The book has two strengths, firstly, it is written in a very clear style which makes it very readable. I breezed through the book and it never got bogged down in unnecessary details. The second strength is that it didn't just recount the events of 1217, but also explained the context of feudalism, fighting techniques of the time etc in a clear and understandable manner.

The only thing holding it from being 5 stars was that it was a little short, but otherwise it is an informative and enjoyable read.

[Mychaoticbookishlibrary · Rating 4 out of 5]

Catherine Hanley hits the mark again. 1217 takes place during what is Englands worse king, King John from the children’s story Robin Hood. The book is full of great information that was well researched. It’s also a fast read. I finished it in just a couple of hours. I really enjoyed this and will most likely purchase it when it comes out

[Jim Gise · Rating 5 out of 5]

Who knew? Thanks for shedding light on this super important but largely overlooked chapter of English history. Why isn’t this a feature film?

[Ian Daly-Smith · Rating 5 out of 5]

Just the most engaging, humorous, informative and lucid history book I've read in a long time, about a very short but very pivotal conflict that was right in the balance and would have led England in a very different direction.

[Karen Marcum · Rating 4 out of 5]

4.25

[Rachel · Rating 3 out of 5]

3.5 stars

Cool deep-dive into a piece of history I knew nothing about

[Liam Guilar · Rating 4 out of 5]

1217 tells the story of a siege and two battles; one on land, one on sea, that ‘saved England’. As a story it has a great plot and a fascinating cast of characters. But while Hanley writes with the skill of a novelist, her story is true and grounded in a careful use of the available sources.


By 1215 King John and his barons were at an impasse. He had been forced to concede what later became known as Magna Carta, but he had placed England in the hands of the Pope. In a radical about face, the Pope moved from excommunicating John and putting England under Interdict, to declaring the Charter null and void and threatening to excommunicate anyone who rebelled against the rightful King. In response some of the barons invited Louis, the son of the French King, Phillip Augustus, to become the King of England.

The first French contingent landed in December 1215. Louis set sail with a small invasion fleet in 1216, landed unopposed in May, and was proclaimed King of England on the second of June 1216. Proclaimed, but not crowned. Hanley suggests this was a crucial error while accepting that as an excommunicate he couldn’t take part in a church service.

John died in October 1216. Hanley sees this as the best thing he could have done to help his cause. To anyone placing bets it looked like the Angevins were finished. Large parts of the country were in rebel hands and John’s son, Henry, only nine years old, and surrounded by a shrinking group of royalists. However, while John had often seemed to go out of his way to alienate everyone, Henry was surrounded by a small group of exceptionally capable men. Their acknowledged leader was William the Marshall, ‘Europe’s greatest Knight’. His loyalty to the royal family was both famous and so unshakeable that it could be described as pathological.


1217

Hanley tells the story of how those loyal to Henry staged an improbable military comeback to insure that an Angevin King would stay on the English throne. It is far more entertaining and interesting story than most fictional ones set in the Middle Ages.

How much was at stake in 1217 is hard to see in retrospect. For the 90 percent of the population living below the nobility, would it have mattered if a French (Capetian) or a French (Angevin) king were ruling them?

However, Hanley presents the events as crucial in the development of a sense of Englishness. She frames the sea battle off Sandwich as an English fleet defending England against a French invasion. The defeat of the French fleet is compared to the later, more well-known destruction of the Spanish Armada, with Hanley arguing the latter was of lesser consequence. Hanley also suggests that throughout the war there is a definite shift towards a sense of ‘England vs France’.

At the time nationality might not have played a decisive role: it may have seemed clear cut. Henry was the King’s son. The royalists risked everything and stood by him.

Not all the rebels stood by Louis. As the war went on there was significant wavering in their ranks. This may have had little to do with nationalism either. Men who had hated John had no reason to hate his infant son and if successful Louis would be obliged to reward his French followers, but at whose expense?

Hanley has a healthy scepticism about some of the leading players. Without denying the Marshall’s role in the war, she acknowledges his failure to protect the citizens of Lincoln and notes his acquisitiveness. The Marshall’s flattering biography is one of the chief sources for the period: Hanley avoids both uncritical acceptance and uncritical dismissal.

Likewise, while acknowledging Hubert de Burgh’s essential role in the defence of Dover, her description of his actions at the battle of Sandwich, often claimed as his great victory, doesn’t make his participation a deciding factor in the battle.

IF 1217 has a great plot, it also has an outstanding cast. At the centre, though missing from the action for obvious reasons, is Henry III, a nine-year-old boy whose father was disliked by almost everybody, overwhelmed by his coronation. William the Marshall, ‘Europe’s greatest knight’, who at 70 was given the task of regent and the job of saving the Angevin line, enthusiastically charging into battle at Lincoln. Eustace the Monk, renegade pirate who had turned his coat so many times no one knew which was inside or out anymore, leading Louis’ fleet. Wilkin of the Weald, a commoner who led a ‘guerilla’ war against the French; Blanche of Castille, Louis’ wife who could be described as formidable without any exaggeration.

Hanley’s contribution to the story is to bring others into the limelight. Phillip D’Albini, who may have been as responsible for victory at the battle of Sandwich as De Burgh. Nichola de la Haye, who in her sixties held Lincoln for the Royalists, held her nerve throughout the siege, and was rewarded by being removed from her post so William Longespee, who had swapped sides during the war, could be rewarded. Hanley describes the regency’s treatment of Nicola as ‘one of the most astonishing acts of ingratitude imaginable’ but adds in a footnote that it was Nicola who ‘had the last laugh’.

If one of the advantages of a book like this is it gives 254 pages to events that are covered in one paragraph of David Carpenter’s biography of Henry the Third, some characters still seem inscrutable.

Louis is a shadow in the narrative. His father had refused the military and financial support that would have given him a formidable invasion force. His campaign stalled first in front of Dover Castle, and then came to a halt when, after the defeat of his army at Lincoln, the reinforcements sent by his wife, Blanche, were destroyed off Sandwich. He wasn’t present at either of the two decisive battles. Hanley’s narrative suggests one of the contributing factors to the French defeats was that no one seems to have been in overall command at crucial times.

Floating through this, as invisible as usual, is Isabella of Angouleme. John’s marriage to her in 1200 had been politically disastrous. In 1207 she had given birth to John’s first legitimate child, Henry, and had then given birth to three more children. The Anonymous of Bethune suggests she played a role in the peace negotiations after the Battle of Sandwich, which Hanely doesn’t mention. She was offered no part in the regency. This seems strange but so was her response. She returned to France at the end of 1217, leaving her son a crowned King, but a child surrounded by advisors.

Because of the limitations of the evidence, there are always questions that will never be answered, but the book also shows history as a series of accidents. Dover did not fall to Louis because it was a strong fortification held by a commander who held his nerve and Louis didn’t have the manpower he needed. But the battle of Lincoln was lost by the French when an inexperienced commander miscounted the oncoming royalists and instead of going out to meet them, where superior French numbers might have won the day, decided to stay inside the city walls. There’s also the secret entrance no one seems to have noticed which would be considered a unacceptable flaw in a fictional account. If the wind had been in the right direction when the French relief fleet originally sailed, then the English would have struggled to meet it, and the reinforcements might have landed. If …

1217 surprised me. I don’t like writers who use the first-person plural. Although it used to be common in factual writing it has become corrupted by politicians using it as an invidious positioning technique. But Hanley returns it to its courteous usage. Her style is that of a well-informed, capable guide, and while the tour goes round the usual places, she paces it carefully and stops to provide useful background information. She is very clear in her discussion of the sources.

Books about the Middle Ages that focus on battles tend to misrepresent the period. There’s so much more to Edward III’s reign than Sluys, Crecy, Poitiers and deeds of daring do, but in this case the siege/s of Dover castle, the battle of Lincoln, and the sea battle off Sandwich are crucial events in a pivotal year. There are times history swings on a hinge and at the end of 1216 a King of France on the throne of England was a distinct possibility. 1217 as a date would then have had had the same prominence in collective memory as 1066. Hanley’s excellent book, ironically, explains why this isn’t so.

[Amy Turner · Rating 5 out of 5]

In her book 1217, author Catherine Hanley relates the events surrounding a little-discussed but historically-pivotal conflict in medieval England: the First Barons’ War. This concise but detailed work effortlessly collates contemporary accounts of the different stages of the war into a comprehensive and engrossing work. Those interested in early medieval politics or warfare should find plenty to enjoy in this book.

Hanley identifies three specific events that heavily influenced the war’s outcome: the Siege of Dover, the Battle of Lincoln, and the Battle of Sandwich. These pivotal events, elucidated upon in chronological order, frame the rest of the book and were “distinctive in their introduction of new military technology and the use of innovative tactics that would greatly influence future engagements, both in England and beyond."

1217 grants readers a concise but comprehensive look into a war about which not many people know. And yet, the First Barons’ War could have easily changed the course of English history as assuredly the Battle of Hastings did. Hanley has added a worthy entry into the medieval warfare niche.

Hanley pulls from a myriad of contemporary and almost-contemporary chroniclers in describing the historical context, battles, and important protagonists. She also addresses limitations and biases, presenting a balanced, if not entirely objective, interpretation of events. Like many authors, Hanley occasionally adds in a touch of dramatic flair as she recounts events, but I rarely found it to be distracting.

Primary sources form the cornerstone of any historical work, and Hanley handles these interpretations quite well. However, she rarely addresses the historiography of the subject, except for a couple of footnote mentions. 1217 could have benefited from a more thorough discussion of the secondary source material.

Additionally, and perhaps this is more of a nuanced critique, Hanley fails to name the conflict as the First Barons' War. I'd imagine it could be due to the varying historical names of military conflicts across countries. And, to be fair, I read and reviewed a pre-published copy, not the final product.

On the whole, I found 1217 a fascinating read. Hanley’s masterwork, resonating with military drama and intrigue, royal feuds, political seesawing, and engrossing historical characters, is a true tour de force. Perfect for a medieval history or military history buff!

Thank you to the author and publisher for a digital ARC of this book via NetGalley!

[Chris Maddix · Rating 5 out of 5]

Well researched and described in marvelous detail, through The Battles that Saved England, author Catherine Hanley convincingly makes the case that, principally due to the ineptitude of King John, but also due to the not-well-established rules of succession, the England of 1217, during and immediately after the signing of the Magna Carta, came perilously close to being subsumed by French prince Louis. Weaving together the actions of Pope Innocent, French King Philip, the hapless King John, his niece Blanche, rebellious barons, etc., Ms. Hanley draws, I think, an accurate picture of the helter-skelter nature of history at the time. I was familiar with this scenario through Shakespeare's play, yet this historical background clarified many questions, as well as making me even more appreciative of the skills of the playwright.

A few facets of the engagements enlightened me as to the unique nature of the conflict. For one, John's main motivation, it seems, was to punish the rebellious barons. He did this by hiring foreign mercenaries. Thus John, King of England, sided with hired thugs to kill his own countrymen. Louis was enroute via ship from France, but John nearly did Louis's job for him, by laying waste to various parts of the country he was supposed to be defending. Second, the vast majority of English citizens were farmers, basically unaware and uncaring who the king was. Third, the role of the pope was preeminent. Since John made England a papal fiefdom, Pope Innocent sided with John. Fear of the pope and excommunication kept France's King Philip out of the conflict. His son, Prince Louis, was forced to fight without soldiers or resources provided by the king. Finally, it seems, the event that swung things in England's favor was the death of John, in 1216. With John replaced by more capable strategists, England was in much better shape to defend itself.

Well done to the author on this fine book.

[Sifa Poulton · Rating 4 out of 5]

I received an eARC from the publisher through NetGalley in exchange for an honest review. It has not affected my opinions.

1217 looks at a little known part of English history - when the English barons, fed up with King John, invited a French Prince to take the throne, and the subsequent war.

The book focuses on about 18 months of history, a very tight period of time for a book on medieval Europe. It is a short, succinct overview of the conflict that offers a look into this lesser known conflict - and why we should care about it. The narrative focuses on three main areas of conflict - the siege of Dover, the battle of Lincoln (the second one, as there had been one ~70 years earlier), and the naval battle of Sandwich. (It feels like it should be noted that, for all the title being 1217, half of the book happens in 1216, as this is when Louis comes to England and the siege of Dover begins.)

Catherine Hanley has a clear, direct way of explaining events, weaving in extracts from chronicles. I also appreciated the fact that there was a discussion of the sources used for each battle.

I suspect the final copy will come with maps and possibly pictures/illustrations. There was a list at the front and blank spots where images of some sort was to come later. I luckily know Lincoln and Dover castles relatively well, so could place the different parts of the battle, so I would hope there were maps for people without that knowledge.

[Ryan Traylor · Rating 5 out of 5]

1217 follows the brief war occurring during its namesake year. Although its rarely talked about, the author contends that these events are pivotal in England's trajectory. If it went differently, the whole of England may be a French vassal state. The victorious king of these battles also begins the line of inheritance to the crown that still continues today.

King John, considered one of the worst English kings, has signed and then immediately reneged on the Magna Carta. He is known as cruel and ineffective and has lost support from many of the nobles. In response, the rebels seek to depose King John and replace him with someone else - the prince of France, Louis.

This book tells of the primary battles that made up the war (a siege, a pitched battle on cramped city streets, and a naval battle), the circumstances of each significant event, and the important characters (including a cruel pirate monk and a man who may be the inspiration for Robin Hood).

Hanley weaves a compelling narrative of this little-known war. She frequently mentions the sources she draws from and is sure to cite their allegiances, motives and blind spots. When sources conflict, she notifies the reader and talks about who is more believable and why. Every significant event is setup with the necessary background information - Hanley really did her research and it shows. I will definitely be looking out for future nonfiction from her!

[Jo-anne Atkinson · Rating 5 out of 5]

In 1216 the nobility of England was frustrated with their King. John was vicious, a womaniser and a mean ruler and the barons had had enough of the hard fought Magna Carta being ignored. They asked the French Dauphin, Louis, to come to England and take over. Louis landed with a small force and was acknowledged by some parts of the country. The. John died and suddenly his heir was a nine-year old boy, Henry III. Over the next year England was at war and over the course of three major events the future was determined.
Hanley is a great writer about the High Middle Ages and this book manages to be both scholarly and eminently readable. This is a period of history that I was aware of but had read little about and so it was a joy to discover the danger that the country was in as it teetered on the precipice of becoming part of France. As Hanley points out, the sense of England as an independent territory began here as there was a shift from the rule of the 'Normans', when John lost control of Normandy then England was irretrievably separated. There are some wonderful characters introduced eg, Nichola de la Haye, and revisited - I galloped through, enjoying every page.

[Fergie · Rating 4 out of 5]

A fascinating read about a year mostly overlooked in English history, this book covers a time when notoriously bad King John's civil war was transformed into a fight for national sovereignty and unity under his young son, Henry III.

Medieval history is always intriguing, and English history of that time is even more so. As a student of history, particularly of that time and place, I did not know of the French heir to France's throne invading England for his own bid for the English throne. It isn't hard to imagine how different English and indeed world history would be different had he succeeded.

England's most famous knight, William Marshal is the clear hero in history during this period, but this book is written to make the claim that he alone did not secure England's destiny as an independent nation to be led by English kings and not French ones. Author and historian Catherine Hanley introduces the reader to heroes and heroines lost to history, but no less impactful than Marshal himself.

For a gripping read about the one year lost in the anals of medieval English history, I highly recommend Catherine Hanley's well-researched and written 1217.

[Will Fairey · Rating 5 out of 5]

Really good read. Such a pivotal few years of English history, I’d definitely compare the importance of these battles to such like Trafalgar and the Armada.

Perhaps a reason for this period being so widely unknown is due to how rebel barons supporting the Magna Carta, and hence values of freedom and liberty, actually invited, supported and praised the invasion of the French- this could be why 18th and 19th century historians shied away from giving any light on this conflict- especially with those values being at the forefront of politics at that time.

What you also see, which Hanley does a great job at highlighting, is the first glimpse of “English” nationalism post-conquest. As opposed to just loyalty to the crown, we see how the conflict turns on its head when William Marshal brands it as a defence of the land and nation, not just for the chap on the throne.

I’d really recommend this to anyone with an interest in English history, medieval warfare, or even the foundation of England as a nation. Very very enjoyable.

[Michael Butler · Rating 5 out of 5]

What a wonderful, expansive and detailed account of a more lesser known period of British history. Catherine Hanley distilled down what was a tumultuous year of war and power shifts into an easily digestible narrative. The use of primary sources was essential to understanding how King John, the invasion of Louis of France, and the battles impacted those who lived through the period.
I especially enjoyed the descriptions of warfare and methods used during the time period and how they differ from the popular depiction in media and fictionalized accounts.
There is a lot to digest in this short book, especially when other authors would probably have added 100's of pages that don't really add to the story being told. Hanley kept a great flow in both the actions and motivations that allows the reader to come away with a significant understanding of the pivotal year of 1217.
This preview was possible due to Netgalley and the publisher, Osprey, providing me an early copy.

[Oli Turner]

#1217thebattlesthatsavedengland by #catherinehanley An engrossing history of an event that was unknown to me. King John’s rebellious barons offered the English throne to the French prince Louis. Louis arrived in May 1216, was proclaimed king in London, and by the autumn had around half of England under his control. John's death in October 1216 left the throne in the hands of his nine-year-old son, Henry, and his regent, William Marshal (the world’s greatest knight). Three key battles would determine England's destiny. The fortress of Dover was besieged, the city of Lincoln was attacked, and a great invasion force set sail and was intercepted at sea. This is a really gripping narrative and I enjoyed every moment of it. Although it seemed to fly by so quickly I wanted it to be longer. Great stuff.

[Emily Hird · Rating 4 out of 5]

I love history books that pick there subject and stick to it. A lot of history books pick 100’s of years to cover which leaves you in this whistle stop tour on confusion. But not this book! This book picks a small piece of history and covered it really well.

It’s staggering to hear how important these battles were to English history and how easily overlooked they are. Stop teaching about Henry 8th wives and start teaching about Nicola de la Haie!! As someone who currently lives in Lincoln and can walk the streets of that battle, I might be a bit bias.

The pacing of this book was great. It was very well written. It was in depth but still easy to follow. I really enjoyed this book. I hope more historians write books like this, smaller events but in greater detail.

Would recommend this to everyone who loves English or medieval history!

[Andrea Wenger · Rating 5 out of 5]

In 1215, King John’s betrayal of Magna Carta hurled England into civil war, with rebellious barons inviting French prince Louis to seize the throne. As Louis’s forces arrived, proclaiming him king, the realm teetered on the precipice of foreign conquest. But John’s death and the coronation of his young son Henry transformed the conflict—pitting an innocent child against Louis’s invading forces in a battle for the kingdom’s soul.

This is a fascinating bit of history during a time when England’s national identity was being forged. The book is entertaining and informative.

Thanks, NetGalley, for the ARC I received. This is my honest and voluntary review.

[The Bauchler · Rating 4 out of 5]

An excellent 'deepish-dive' about a period of history I was woefully ignorant.

The events are well explained and given context with information about weaponry, tactics, military architecture as well as the prevalent social mores.

These are offered up assuming the reader has next to no knowledge of the subject.

The author makes a good case for 1217 being the year England began to coalesce into the nation it is today.

I listened to the audio version and in its style and the (very good) readers delivery, I was reminded of the mammoth BBC radio series 'This Sceptred Isle' with Anna Massey.

A great read.

[Tony · Rating 5 out of 5]

This is a fascinating read. I thought, I knew most about this period in English and French history. But I was sadly mistaken.
The Magna Carta, King John, Henry III, Louis of France all come together in a engrossing tale of war, siege and politics. Some interesting characters emerge Eustace the Monk, Pope Innocent III, Blanche of Castile, Hubert de Burgh (defence of Dover castle) and best of all Willikin of the Weald (who must have been where the legend of Robin Hood has come from).
The writer describes things clearly and gives insights into the people and effects of these events have on the forming of the independence from France.

[Ron Baumer · Rating 5 out of 5]

An intriguing look into the wars in Britain in 1217 that shaped the future of the country. The story is well-told and contains good firsthand accounts of the saga. The book was a fast read and held my attention. Overall, a great historical read.

Thank you to #NetGalley for the ARC in exchange for my honest opinion.

[Blair Hodgkinson · Rating 5 out of 5]

Dr. Hanley has a clear and concise style that illuminates the near-forgotten French Invasion of England of 1216-1217. She focuses on the major battles of the war and their implications while taking time to share the interesting individuals, including women, who shaped the events of this time. I've read on this subject before and found this as interesting and engaging as any previous history.

[Eric Timar · Rating 5 out of 5]

One thing I really like about this book, similar to her Matilda book, is how Hanley provides detail on her sources. Where they were from, whether they lived during or after the events described, what their biases might be, etc. In Matilda you feel the loss when she mentions that a certain historian dies partway through the Empress's life and can no longer contribute.

[Steve Switzer · Rating 5 out of 5]

excellent political military history

Great story of a little known war and it’s 3 crucial battles, all practically unknown but as important as Waterloo or trafalgar

[Thomas B · Rating 4 out of 5]

A beautifully well told story, tying historical accounts and some light analysis together for a tale of a swashbuckling year.
NB: read the book, I found the audio book painfully narrated.

[Philip Roberts · Rating 4 out of 5]

Excellent.

[George Foord · Rating 5 out of 5]

what a whirlwind of a year! the author gave every detailed thing explanation and discussed the year in a fun and engaging manner.

[Paul McCarthy · Rating 5 out of 5]

Template of how to write popular history.