Bliss
by Katherine Mansfield
*SUMMARY:
‘Bliss’’ opens with Bertha Young reflecting on how wonderful her life is. As she walks home, she is overwhelmed by a feeling of bliss; she feels tremendously content with her home, her husband, her baby, and her friends.
داستان با برتا یونگ شروع میشود. برتا زنی سی ساله و همسر هری یونگ است. ابتدای داستان بازتابی است از شادی و رضایت برتا. همانگونه به خانه می رود می رقصد و میدود و نمیتواند معمولی راه برود. بسسار از خانه و همسر و دوستان و فرزندش راضی است.
At home, she begins to prepare for a dinner party she is having that evening. She reflects on the guests that will be arriving soon: Mr. and Mrs. Knight, an artistic couple; Eddie Warren, a playwright; and Pearl Fulton, Bertha’s newest friend. Bertha wishes that her husband, Harry, would like Pearl; he has expressed some misgivings over the women’s burgeoning friendship and Bertha hopes they will eventually become friends too.
برتا در خانه مشغول آشپزی برای مهمانی شب است.. قرار است زوجی هنرمند به خانه آنها بیاید. همچنین آرزو میکند که همسرش آنان را دوست داشته باشد.
As Bertha waits for her guests, she looks out on her garden. Her enjoyment of a pear tree with wide open blossoms, which she sees as representing herself, is ruined by two cats creeping across the lawn. Bertha meditates on how happy she is and how perfect her life is. She goes upstairs to dress, and soon thereafter her guests and husband arrive for dinner.
زمانی که بارتا منتظر مهمانان است، از پنجره به بیرون نگاه میکند و درخت گلابی با شکوفه های بازش را میبیند که به وسیله دو گربه آسیب دیده است. این درخت در واقع نشان دهنده شخصیت و زندگی بارتا است. بارتا سعی میکند با تمرکز و اندیشیدن به خوبی های زندگی اش این تفکرات را از خود دور کند. در همین حال مهمان ها و همسرش از راه می رسند.
The group moves into the dining room, where they eat with relish and discuss the contemporary theater and literary scene. Bertha thinks about the pear tree again. She also senses that Pearl shares her feelings of bliss, and she is simply waiting for a sign from the other woman to show her recognition of the empathy between them.
به اتاق غذاخوری رفته و شروع به بحث در مورد تئاتر و صحنه های ادبی میکنند. او رضایت را در چهره مهمانش (پرل) نیز می بیند و منتظر زمانی است که زن احساس خود را بیان کند. در همین حال دوباره به درخت گلابی می اندیشد.
After dinner, as Bertha is about to make the coffee, Pearl gives her the sign by asking if Bertha has a garden. Bertha pulls apart the curtains to display the garden and the pear tree. Bertha imagines that Pearl responds positively to the tree, but she is not sure if it really happened.
Over coffee, the group talks about a variety of topics. Bertha perceives Harry’s dislike for Pearl and wants to tell him how much she has shared with her friend. She is suddenly overcome by a feeling of sexual desire for her husband. This is the first time she has felt this way, and she is eager for the guests to leave so she can be alone with Harry. After the Knights leave, Pearl and Eddie are set to share a taxi. As Pearl goes to the hall to get her coat, Harry accompanies her. Eddie asks Bertha if she has a certain book of poems. Bertha goes to retrieve the book from a nearby table. As she looks out into the hallway, she sees her husband and Pearl embrace and make arrangements to meet the next day. Pearl reenters the room to thank Bertha for the party. The two guests leave and Harry, still cool and collected, says he will shut up the house. Bertha runs to the window to look at the pear tree. She cries ‘‘‘Oh, what is going to happen now?’’’ but outside the pear tree is just the same as ever.
بعد از شام برتا میخواهد قهوه درست کند. پرل یکدلی خود را با سوال کردن از برتا در مورد باغچه نشان میدهد. برا پرده را کنار زده و امیدوار است که پرل نیز چنین احساس مثبتی نسبت به درخت گلابی داشته باشد، اما مطمعن نیست.
بعد از قهوه در مورد مطالب مختلفی حرف میزنند. اما برتا حس میکند که شوهرش پرل را دوست ندارد و برتا میخواهد تا به شوهرش از احساس مشترک خود و پرل بگوید. اما ناگهان علاقه ی شدید جنسی به شوهرش پیدا میکند، طوری که تا بحال چنین حسی نداشته و می خواهد زودتر با همسرش تنها شود. ادی از بارتا میخواهد که برای او کتاب شعری بیاورد. وقتی برتا از بیرون راهرو نگاه میکند، همسرش را میبیند که پرل را در آغوش کشیده و برای دیدار مجدد فردا با پرل قرار میگذارد !
پرل دوباره وارد اتاق میشود تا از بارتا برای مهمانی تشکر کند.
برتا به سمت پنجره می رود و با خود میگوید :" حالا چه اتفاقی قرار است بی افتد" اما بیرون درخت گلابی مثل همیشه است.
*Characters:
Pearl Fulton
Pearl Fulton is Bertha’s enigmatic مرموزnew friend in the story. With her indirect way of looking at people and her half-smile, she appears distant and mysterious. Although Bertha acknowledges that she and Pearl have not had a really intimate conversation, on the night of the dinner party Bertha senses an intimate attachment between them. This feeling of attachment is confirmed when Bertha discovers that Pearl is having an affair with her husband, Harry.
Mrs. Knight
Mrs. Knight and her husband are guests at Bertha’s dinner party. Though she is ‘‘awfully keen on interior decoration,’’ Mrs. Knight dresses herself in wild clothing and resembles a giant banana peel.
Norman Knight
Norman Knight is about to open a theater that will show thoroughly modern plays.
Eddie Warren
Eddie Warren is an effeminate زن صفت playwright. He is described as always being ‘‘in a state of acute distress’’ and over the course of the evening complains about his taxi ride to the party.
Bertha Young
Bertha, a young housewife, is the main character in the story. Despite the fact that the story is told from her perspective, readers learn few concrete details about her. She appears to enjoy a fairly leisurely life, as she and her husband are financially comfortable. However, though she claims she and her husband are ‘‘pals,’’ her home life would seem not as ideal as she views it; her marriage lacks passion, and the nanny clearly keeps her at a distance from her young daughter.
Bertha’s most notable characteristic is her inexplicable state of happiness. As the story opens, she is pleased with all life offers her. During her dinner party, she seems to find joy in almost everything she sees: the lovely pear tree in the garden, which seems to represent both herself and Pearl Fulton. She even sexually desires her husband for the first time in her life and looks forward to spending the rest of the evening alone with him. By the end of the story, however, this world in which Bertha finds such pleasure is shattered when she discovers that her husband is having an affair with Pearl.
Harry Young
Harry is Bertha’s husband. He provides a good income for his family, enjoys good food, and has a zest for life. However, his most notable characteristic is his duplicitous دوگانهnature: while he declares to Bertha that he finds Pearl Fulton dull, he is secretly engaged in a love affair with her. In fact, during the dinner party, he pretends to dislike Pearl. Yet he risks exposure of the affair when he embraces Pearl in the hallway while his wife is in the next room.
*Themes
Marriage and Adultery
The themes of marriage and adultery are central to ‘‘Bliss.’’ Bertha believes (or makes herself believe) she has a fulfilling, complete marriage. Although she characterizes her husband as a good pal, she still contends they are as much in love as they ever were.
*The climactic( THE CLIMAX) event of the story—Bertha’s realization of Harry’s affair with Pearl—proves that her husband does not share his wife’s contentment. As Harry’s affair demonstrates, he is not happy with the lack of passion in their marriage. Harry’s actions reveal his duplicitous nature: not only has Harry been hiding the affair from his wife, he also pretends to dislike Pearl in order to cover it up. The risk that Harry takes in kissing Pearl in his own home, as well as his method of hiding his true feelings, indicate the likelihood that he and Pearl share a very strong connection.
Change and Transformation
Change and transformation are subtle themes in the story. Bertha’s extreme sense of bliss, along with her new feelings of desire for her husband, show that she is undergoing a profound change in her life. She wonders if the feeling of bliss that she had all day was actually leading up to her increased attraction to her husband. At the end of the story, she wants nothing more than for the guests to leave so she can be alone with Harry.
Bertha’s transformation into a sexual being is abruptly halted when she sees her husband kissing Pearl
Fulton. She realizes that she can no longer look at her world as perfect, nor can she move forward to a new relationship with Harry. When she runs to the window to look at the pear tree she finds that it is ‘‘as lovely as ever and as full of flower and as still.’’ This is a clear sign that the change Bertha has undergone will be brought to an abrupt halt, for the pear tree—which is seen to represent Bertha— remains exactly the same.
Modernity
The concept of modernity is an important aspect of the story. Bertha constantly characterizes the elements of her life—her relationship with her husband and her friends, for instance—as being thoroughly modern.
However, Bertha’s view of modernity would seem to be a liking for things that are shallow, superficial, and duplicitous. She has rationalized her poor sexual relationship with her husband as ‘‘being modern’’ because they are such good pals. Thus, in Bertha’s mind, a modern marriage needn’t be based on love or attraction but simply on the bonds that would make two people friends.
Her view of the modern marriage hurts her relationship with Harry as he experiences dissatisfaction at the state of their relationship. Even Bertha and Harry’s philosophy of raising children is perceived as modern.
Bertha seems to spend little time with her daughter, instead entrusting her to a jealous nanny; moreover, Harry claims to have no interest in his daughter.
Bertha’s friends are also considered thoroughly modern—but they appear utterly ridiculous. Mrs. Knight is described as a cross between a giant monkey and a banana peel. Her modern ideas for decorating—including
French fries embroidered on the curtains and chair backs shaped like frying pans— seem distasteful and ugly.
Plays and poems mentioned by the guests seem dismal and pseudointellectual, and the satire reaches a high point in Eddie Warren’s lauding of a poem that begins, ‘‘Why Must it Always be Tomato Soup?’’ The guests and their interests, rather than seeming ‘‘modern’’ and ‘‘thrilling,’’ seem merely excessive and absurd.
*Symbolism
The most important and complicated symbol in ‘‘Bliss’’ is the pear tree: it represents different people at different times throughout the story. First and foremost, it represents Bertha because she believes that ‘‘its wide open blossoms [are] as symbol of her own life.’’ When Bertha first notices the tree, she is intent on pursuing the belief that her life is full and rich, open to wondrous possibilities.
Later on in the story the pear represents Pearl Fulton. Like the pear tree, Pearl, dressed in silver, emits a shimmery, ethereal glow. Thus both Pearl and Bertha—who are actually rivals—are connected to each other by association with the pear tree.
However, the pear tree also takes on a masculine identity in its phallic description: ‘‘it seemed, like the flame of a candle, to stretch up, to point, to quiver in the bright air, to grow taller and taller’’ under the gaze of the women. In this manifestation, the pear tree can be seen as representing Harry, who further unites the two women.
In addition, the pear tree seems to be reaching toward the moon, which previously had been identified with Pearl. Thus Harry’s sexual desire, which Bertha now wants for herself, is clarified as reaching toward Pearl, not Bertha.
*The point of view is third-person limited.
*Satire
Satire is the use of humor, wit, or ridicule to criticize human nature and societal institutions. Indirect satire, as found in ‘‘Bliss,’’ relies upon the ridiculous behavior of characters to make its point. Bertha describes her friends as ‘‘modern’’ and ‘‘thrilling’’ people, yet they are presented as ridiculous figures. Mrs. Knight resembles some kind of monkey, wearing a dress reminiscent of banana peels. The most notable characteristic of Eddie Warren, who appears to be a writer, is his white socks and his affected way of speaking.