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112 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 1985
BEAUTY (and KNOWLEDGE). Those who say, along with Broch, that knowledge is the novel’s only moral end are betrayed by the metallic aura of the word “knowledge,” which is compromised by its connections to science. More is needed: the novel discovers every aspect of existence, including beauty. The first novelists discovered adventure. It’s thanks to them that adventure seems beautiful and something we want. Kafka described the situation of a person who is tragically trapped. Those who study Kafka used to argue a lot about whether the author was giving us any hope or not. No, no hope. Something else. But Kafka discovers how the unlivable situation is both strange and full of black beauty. Beauty: the last possible victory of a person who has lost hope. Beauty in art: the light subtly emanating from the never-said. This light suffuses great novels; there will never be a time when it fades because, human existence being perpetually forgotten by people, the discoveries of novelists, even when they become dated, will never cease to amaze us.
BOOK. If I’ve heard it said once, I’ve heard it said a thousand times on various radio broadcasts: “As I say in my _book_ . . .”
The word “book” is given such weight, it’s stretched out so long and pronounced at least an octave above all the other words. When the same person says, “As people in my town say . . .” there’s no special emphasis on the word “town,” which has almost the same intonation. “_My book_” . . . the phonetic cue for literary masturbation.
IRONY. Which character is right, and which, wrong? Is Emma Bovary a pain in the ass? Or is she courageous, inspiring? No answer. The novel is by its very nature ironic, by which I mean its “truth” is hidden, unpronounced and unpronounceable. People want simplified portraits of the world where good and bad are clearly separated. With the heroism of Don Quixote, the novel finds itself in this inalterable terrain, while revealing to us the fundamental ambiguity of human affairs. Irony isn’t a personal penchant of this or that writer. It’s the essence of the novel as an art form. Irony = the way of making the ambiguous known.
NOVEL (and poetry). 1857: the most important year in the nineteenth century. Baudelaire’s Les Fleurs du mal: the height of lyric poetry. Madame Bovary: for the first time, a novel took up the conditions of poetry (the intention of “searching everywhere for beauty”; the importance of each specific word; the intense melody of the text; the demand for originality applied to each and every detail). In 1857, lyric poetry passed the baton to the novel’s poetry. The history of the novel moving forward would be that of the “novel as a form of poetry.” But to take up the conditions of poetry is something entirely different from a lyrical turn in the novel (to renounce its capacity for irony, to turn away from the exterior world, to transform the novel into a personal confession, to decorate it with ornamentation). The most important poetic novelists are antilyric: Flaubert, Joyce, Kafka, Gombrowicz. A novel = antilyric poetry.
NOVELIST (and writer). I’m rereading Sartre’s essay “Why Write?” Not even once does he use the words “novel” or “novelist.” He only talks about the “prose writer.” It’s a meaningful distinction. The writer has original ideas and an inimitable voice. He can use whatever form (including the novel), and everything he writes, being identifiable by his thinking and his voice, belongs in his oeuvre.
The novelist doesn’t make much of his own ideas. He’s an explorer who, while searching here and there, manages to uncover an unknown aspect of existence, which only a novel can clarify and make visible. He isn’t caught up in his voice but by a form, and he chases after it. Only the forms that respond to the needs of his dream make up his oeuvre.
The writer delves into the spiritual map of his time, nation, and eventually the history of ideas.
The only context where the value of a novel is made clear is in the history of the European novel. The novelist owes nothing to anyone, except Cervantes
NOVELIST (and the novelist’s life). “The artist must make posterity think that he never existed,” Flaubert said. Maupassant prevented his portrait from appearing in a series of famous writers. “The private life of a man and his face don’t belong to the public,” he said. Hermann Broch said the following about himself, Musil, and Kafka: “Not one of us has a real biography.” This doesn’t mean that their lives lacked interesting events, but that their lives weren’t destined to be distinguished, to be public, to become life-writing. When Karel Čapek is asked why he doesn’t write poetry, he says, “Because I hate talking about myself.” The distinctive characteristic of a novelist is they don’t want to talk about themselves. “I hate sticking my nose into the intimate details of the lives of great writers, and no biography can ever remove the veil from my life,” Nabokov said. Italo Calvino warned others: he was resolved to never say a single true word to others about his life. And Faulkner wanted “to be a nobody, kept out of history, leaving no trace at all, other than what is in my books.” (Let’s emphasize “books” and “published,” and not manuscripts, letters, and journals.) According to a famous metaphor, the novelist destroys the house of his life in order to build another with its bricks: the house of novels. With this in mind, the biographies of a novelist undo what the novelist did, and redo what he had undone. Biographies, which add nothing to art, cannot bring light, value, or meaning to a novel. When Kafka attracts more attention than Joseph K., then his posthumous death is underway.