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288 pages, Paperback
First published October 4, 2007
Naturalness is whatever occurs between human interventions.
The old idea of wood and timber as bounties given by nature, to be picked as and where they grew - the fruit of wild trees - was fading. In its place developed the idea of trees as artefacts, biddable machines for the production of timber, programmed at every stage of their lives from planting to cutting. The fundamental grammar of our relationship with trees changed. Trees grew, and we, in a kind of subordinate form, took things from them. In the forest-speak of the Enlightenment, 'growing' was a transitive verb. We were the subjects and trees the object. We were the cause of their existence in particular places on the earth.