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The Innocents of Florence: The Renaissance Discovery of Childhood
How a Florentine orphanage rescued thousands of children and revolutionized childhood education amid the splendor of Renaissance art.
Among the wonders of the Italian Renaissance and its inspired humanism was Florence’s Hospital of the Innocents, Europe’s first orphanage for abandoned children. In an era when children were often trafficked or left to die or roam the streets, an orphanage devoted to their care and protection was a striking innovation. Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and a symbol of Florence’s cultural and architectural brilliance, the institution known as the Innocenti became a haven for more than 400,000 children across five centuries.
With deep knowledge of the literary and artistic environment in which this new understanding of childhood flowered, Joseph Luzzi explores how the Innocenti taught young children mercantile skills, rudimentary literature, and even, for a select few, the arts. Of course, he also does not shy away from addressing the flaws in the new institution’s pursuit of its high-minded mission, especially its struggles with rampant disease and political upheaval. All told, Luzzi gives readers the first comprehensive “biography” of a groundbreaking humanitarian institute that shaped education and childcare for generations to come.
Among the wonders of the Italian Renaissance and its inspired humanism was Florence’s Hospital of the Innocents, Europe’s first orphanage for abandoned children. In an era when children were often trafficked or left to die or roam the streets, an orphanage devoted to their care and protection was a striking innovation. Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi and a symbol of Florence’s cultural and architectural brilliance, the institution known as the Innocenti became a haven for more than 400,000 children across five centuries.
With deep knowledge of the literary and artistic environment in which this new understanding of childhood flowered, Joseph Luzzi explores how the Innocenti taught young children mercantile skills, rudimentary literature, and even, for a select few, the arts. Of course, he also does not shy away from addressing the flaws in the new institution’s pursuit of its high-minded mission, especially its struggles with rampant disease and political upheaval. All told, Luzzi gives readers the first comprehensive “biography” of a groundbreaking humanitarian institute that shaped education and childcare for generations to come.
240 pages, Hardcover
Published November 11, 2025
26 people are currently reading
4025 people want to read
About the author
Joseph Luzzi
19 books118 followersBio: Joseph Luzzi
Joseph Luzzi (PhD, Yale) teaches Comparative Literature and Italian Studies at Bard College. His most recent book is Botticelli’s Secret: The Lost Drawings and the Rediscovery of the Renaissance (2022). He is also the author of Romantic Europe and the Ghost of Italy (2008), winner of the MLA’s Scaglione Prize for Italian Studies; A Cinema of Poetry: Aesthetics of the Italian Art Film (2014); My Two Italies (2014), a New York Times Editors’ Choice selection; In a Dark Wood: What Dante Taught Me About Grief, Healing, and the Mysteries of Love (2015), a Vanity Fair “Must-Read” selection that has been translated into multiple languages. Two forthcoming books include his new translation of Dante’s Vita Nuova; and his study Dante’s “Divine Comedy”: A Biography will appear in 2024. Luzzi’s public-facing writing has appeared in the New York Times, TLS, London Times, Los Angeles Times, American Scholar, Bookforum, the Chronicle of Higher Education, and elsewhere, and his awards include a Dante Society of America Essay Prize, National Humanities Center Fellowship, and Wallace Fellowship at Villa I Tatti. In 2022 Joseph received a National Endowment for the Humanities Public Scholars Award in support of his book project Brunelleschi’s Children: How a Renaissance Orphanage Saved 400,000 Lives and Reinvented Childhood.
Joseph Luzzi (PhD, Yale) teaches Comparative Literature and Italian Studies at Bard College. His most recent book is Botticelli’s Secret: The Lost Drawings and the Rediscovery of the Renaissance (2022). He is also the author of Romantic Europe and the Ghost of Italy (2008), winner of the MLA’s Scaglione Prize for Italian Studies; A Cinema of Poetry: Aesthetics of the Italian Art Film (2014); My Two Italies (2014), a New York Times Editors’ Choice selection; In a Dark Wood: What Dante Taught Me About Grief, Healing, and the Mysteries of Love (2015), a Vanity Fair “Must-Read” selection that has been translated into multiple languages. Two forthcoming books include his new translation of Dante’s Vita Nuova; and his study Dante’s “Divine Comedy”: A Biography will appear in 2024. Luzzi’s public-facing writing has appeared in the New York Times, TLS, London Times, Los Angeles Times, American Scholar, Bookforum, the Chronicle of Higher Education, and elsewhere, and his awards include a Dante Society of America Essay Prize, National Humanities Center Fellowship, and Wallace Fellowship at Villa I Tatti. In 2022 Joseph received a National Endowment for the Humanities Public Scholars Award in support of his book project Brunelleschi’s Children: How a Renaissance Orphanage Saved 400,000 Lives and Reinvented Childhood.
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Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews
December 31, 2025
Founded in 1419, the Ospedale degli Innocenti was the first orphanage in Europe, and its history is a fascinating intersection of many intellectual currents: the understanding of childhood as a distinct period of human development, the dawning recognition of the rights of children, the belief in the civic value of mass education, the importance of literacy (for boys, at least, at this time), the usefulness of orphanages as a source of city labor and as a method to disincentivize abortion. Luzzi's history of the orphanage is at once a history of childhood, of gender, of slavery, of Renaissance art and scholarship, and of Florence itself.
In Luzzi's history, however, is not a site of selfless and unsullied charity. It was funded by Francesco Datini, an illiterate but wealthy merchant who preyed on his servants and slaves and was eventually convinced near the end of his life to donate half of his testament to the cause. Many of the orphans were the children of enslaved people (primarily from Eastern Europe and Mongolia but also from Africa), and so the orphanage is also a record of male sexual violence—a convenient place where illegitimate children could be abandoned. Life in the orphanage and beyond was often bleak. Infant mortality was often the same as outside the institution; boys had to find work at the age of eight; girls depended on the hospital (acting in loco parentis) for a dowry but most ended up in convents (those that found work as maidservants were often subject to sexual harassment). While boys might be afforded better opportunities to learn writing and painting, successful male cantors might be castrated so that they could be used in the choir permanently.
But, as Luzzi's history shows, it was still a high-minded institute of Renaissance ideals. The orphanage was overseen by the Guild of Weavers who commissioned Brunelleschi to design its architecture. Under the directorship of Francesco Tesori at the end of the 15th century, it would amass a collection of frescos and paintings by Ghirlandaio and other esteemed painters. With its art prominently displayed, the orphanage projected prestige and permanence but it also sought to make humanism a public patrimony—even orphans would be exposed to art and learn from it. In the 16th century, under the directorship of Vincenzio Borghini, the orphanage would even offer lessons in painting and writing, and a number of the orphans ended up as successful artists. Borghini would also publish educational books on literacy and the teaching of Latin classics. So the orphanage is an integral part of the history of western pedagogy.
Overall, I found Luzzi's history to be fascinating—but not well organized. In one chapter, he reflects on the choice of the name "Innocenti" and then considers the number of Popes called Innocent—leading him to write about Pope Innocent XI who was a more pious and ascetic Pope, the perfect choice to lead the Counter-Reformation; this then segues into a discussion of Pope Innocent's prohibition on abortion, which then gave rise to the rise of hospices for abandoned girls. The book has a discursive quality, interweaving anecdotes, fiction, poems, art and shifting topics with a loosely logical thread. It's readable and breezy but its meandering structure also meant that chronology and context sometimes got quagmired.
Some sentences were also just plain weird, such as, "a leading historian of childhood, John Boswell, recently remarked that the Italian Renaissance was just as creative in rethinking the notion of the unwanted child as it was reinvigorating art and literature." John Boswell died in 1994. The book mentioned here ("The Kindness of Strangers") was published in 1988. It is strange to hear Boswell described either as "recent" or as "a leading historian of childhood" (technically true—but most historians would think of him as a historian of sexuality and religion). "Leading historian" and "recently remarked" is the kind of language that sounds like a professor cribbing from old grad school papers.
In Luzzi's history, however, is not a site of selfless and unsullied charity. It was funded by Francesco Datini, an illiterate but wealthy merchant who preyed on his servants and slaves and was eventually convinced near the end of his life to donate half of his testament to the cause. Many of the orphans were the children of enslaved people (primarily from Eastern Europe and Mongolia but also from Africa), and so the orphanage is also a record of male sexual violence—a convenient place where illegitimate children could be abandoned. Life in the orphanage and beyond was often bleak. Infant mortality was often the same as outside the institution; boys had to find work at the age of eight; girls depended on the hospital (acting in loco parentis) for a dowry but most ended up in convents (those that found work as maidservants were often subject to sexual harassment). While boys might be afforded better opportunities to learn writing and painting, successful male cantors might be castrated so that they could be used in the choir permanently.
But, as Luzzi's history shows, it was still a high-minded institute of Renaissance ideals. The orphanage was overseen by the Guild of Weavers who commissioned Brunelleschi to design its architecture. Under the directorship of Francesco Tesori at the end of the 15th century, it would amass a collection of frescos and paintings by Ghirlandaio and other esteemed painters. With its art prominently displayed, the orphanage projected prestige and permanence but it also sought to make humanism a public patrimony—even orphans would be exposed to art and learn from it. In the 16th century, under the directorship of Vincenzio Borghini, the orphanage would even offer lessons in painting and writing, and a number of the orphans ended up as successful artists. Borghini would also publish educational books on literacy and the teaching of Latin classics. So the orphanage is an integral part of the history of western pedagogy.
Overall, I found Luzzi's history to be fascinating—but not well organized. In one chapter, he reflects on the choice of the name "Innocenti" and then considers the number of Popes called Innocent—leading him to write about Pope Innocent XI who was a more pious and ascetic Pope, the perfect choice to lead the Counter-Reformation; this then segues into a discussion of Pope Innocent's prohibition on abortion, which then gave rise to the rise of hospices for abandoned girls. The book has a discursive quality, interweaving anecdotes, fiction, poems, art and shifting topics with a loosely logical thread. It's readable and breezy but its meandering structure also meant that chronology and context sometimes got quagmired.
Some sentences were also just plain weird, such as, "a leading historian of childhood, John Boswell, recently remarked that the Italian Renaissance was just as creative in rethinking the notion of the unwanted child as it was reinvigorating art and literature." John Boswell died in 1994. The book mentioned here ("The Kindness of Strangers") was published in 1988. It is strange to hear Boswell described either as "recent" or as "a leading historian of childhood" (technically true—but most historians would think of him as a historian of sexuality and religion). "Leading historian" and "recently remarked" is the kind of language that sounds like a professor cribbing from old grad school papers.
November 11, 2025
A book about the first orphanage in Europe - the 'Ospedale degli Innocenti' or Hospital of the Innocents - which was opened in 1445 in Florence, Italy. Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, it also featured artwork from other artists of the Renaissance such as the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio & sculptor Luca della Robbia. Many thousands of children were abandoned here over the years & not just orphans but those who parents could not afford to care for them, children born out of affairs or sexual assault.
For all good intentions though, the outcome of life for these children was a mixed bag. The rate of survival was not much better than the average & yet it became a birthplace of modern pediatrics, boys were given an education whilst girls learned trades such as weaving, but both were vulnerable to the predations of their employers when they were sent out to work, & the hospital was usually in debt & yet those in charge prioritised the purchasing of artwork.
This was an interesting & informative read which has been very well researched. It's a part of Italian history that I knew very little about before reading it & it inspired me to look it up online where the 'Museo degli Innocenti' details the history, art, & architecture of the orphanage. Looking at some of the photographs it seems to have been quite a bleak place but probably better than the alternative. I would recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in a different aspect of Renaissance history. 4.5 stars (rounded down)
My thanks to NetGalley & publishers, W.W. Norton & Company, for the opportunity to read an ARC.
For all good intentions though, the outcome of life for these children was a mixed bag. The rate of survival was not much better than the average & yet it became a birthplace of modern pediatrics, boys were given an education whilst girls learned trades such as weaving, but both were vulnerable to the predations of their employers when they were sent out to work, & the hospital was usually in debt & yet those in charge prioritised the purchasing of artwork.
This was an interesting & informative read which has been very well researched. It's a part of Italian history that I knew very little about before reading it & it inspired me to look it up online where the 'Museo degli Innocenti' details the history, art, & architecture of the orphanage. Looking at some of the photographs it seems to have been quite a bleak place but probably better than the alternative. I would recommend this book to anyone who has an interest in a different aspect of Renaissance history. 4.5 stars (rounded down)
My thanks to NetGalley & publishers, W.W. Norton & Company, for the opportunity to read an ARC.
December 29, 2025
What a fascinating topic! I never really thought about the emergence of child advocacy.
December 23, 2025
I found myself reading (and listening to the author read) The Innocents of Florence: The Renaissance Discovery of Childhood instead of doing the other reading I should have been doing. Joseph Luzzi provides a detailed and moving look into life in Florence starting in the 14th century that has surprising relevance to today. His fascination with the subject comes across and is contagious. I highly recommend this beautifully written book that, despite parts about horrific events and circumstances, was a pleasure to read and hear.
August 31, 2025
*This is an ARC First Reads Giveaway*
I learned a lot about Florence, Renaissance art, and what it meant to be an orphan in Italy. A concise and thoughtful history of an innovative institution. Horrifying to read about the prevalence of poverty and sexual violence that led to the many unwanted children that needed homes, even though we know not much has changed in 500 years. Perfect for readers interested in Italian, social, and art histories.
I learned a lot about Florence, Renaissance art, and what it meant to be an orphan in Italy. A concise and thoughtful history of an innovative institution. Horrifying to read about the prevalence of poverty and sexual violence that led to the many unwanted children that needed homes, even though we know not much has changed in 500 years. Perfect for readers interested in Italian, social, and art histories.
December 30, 2025
In 1419, Florence launched a radical experiment: the Ospedale degli Innocenti, Europe’s first secular orphanage. It was fuelled by a Humanist faith in civic virtue and the transformative power of art to redress public suffering.
🎨 A Nexus of Art & Architecture
Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, the building’s loggia became the blueprint for Renaissance architecture. Its beauty served a purpose: to declare that "the innocents" deserved the same dignity as royalty. The site became a gallery of masterpieces, housing Ghirlandaio’s "Adoration of the Magi" and Andrea della Robbia’s iconic terracotta medallions. This patronage turned a house of charity into a cultural beacon, proving that high art could be a tool for social welfare.
💰 Patronage & The Paradox of Care
The Silk Guild, with financial backing from the Medici family and merchant Francesco Datini, managed the site. Yet, high ideals met harsh reality. By the 16th century, debt soared to 700,000 lire. A haunting paradox emerged: while the Guild commissioned Botticelli to paint for the chapel, the children were sometimes fed "mule bread" (coarse bran) to save costs. Mortality rates were high.
🏥 Medical & Educational Prowess
The Innocenti was a pioneer in pediatric medicine. It operated an internal infirmary that became a laboratory for early immunology, notably becoming one of the first institutions to implement systematic smallpox vaccinations.
The Boys: Learned arithmetic (the abacus),Ciceronian rhetoric, and the arts. They were apprenticed to artisan guilds to become "men of worth."
The Girls: Taught literacy, arithmetic, silk-weaving, and domestic arts. Crucially, the Guild provided dowries, allowing them to marry or enter convents with dignity.
Legacy
From the first child, Agata Smeralda (1445), to the last, "Ultimo" (1875), the institution shielded nearly 400,000 children. It was not without cruelty; many were the children of sexual violence, abandoned to preserve "honour." Yet, they remain a testament to a shift in the human soul: when history’s gittatelli (discarded children) passed below Brunelleschi’s arches, they became trovatelli—the discovered ones.
🎨 A Nexus of Art & Architecture
Designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, the building’s loggia became the blueprint for Renaissance architecture. Its beauty served a purpose: to declare that "the innocents" deserved the same dignity as royalty. The site became a gallery of masterpieces, housing Ghirlandaio’s "Adoration of the Magi" and Andrea della Robbia’s iconic terracotta medallions. This patronage turned a house of charity into a cultural beacon, proving that high art could be a tool for social welfare.
💰 Patronage & The Paradox of Care
The Silk Guild, with financial backing from the Medici family and merchant Francesco Datini, managed the site. Yet, high ideals met harsh reality. By the 16th century, debt soared to 700,000 lire. A haunting paradox emerged: while the Guild commissioned Botticelli to paint for the chapel, the children were sometimes fed "mule bread" (coarse bran) to save costs. Mortality rates were high.
🏥 Medical & Educational Prowess
The Innocenti was a pioneer in pediatric medicine. It operated an internal infirmary that became a laboratory for early immunology, notably becoming one of the first institutions to implement systematic smallpox vaccinations.
The Boys: Learned arithmetic (the abacus),Ciceronian rhetoric, and the arts. They were apprenticed to artisan guilds to become "men of worth."
The Girls: Taught literacy, arithmetic, silk-weaving, and domestic arts. Crucially, the Guild provided dowries, allowing them to marry or enter convents with dignity.
Legacy
From the first child, Agata Smeralda (1445), to the last, "Ultimo" (1875), the institution shielded nearly 400,000 children. It was not without cruelty; many were the children of sexual violence, abandoned to preserve "honour." Yet, they remain a testament to a shift in the human soul: when history’s gittatelli (discarded children) passed below Brunelleschi’s arches, they became trovatelli—the discovered ones.
January 5, 2026
It wasn’t only Art and Literature that changed during the Renaissance, how Italy thought about childhood changed as well. This was groundbreaking thinking. The Innocenti, the first orphanage, was born during this time in Florence, Italy. This book tracks both the history and the legacy of the orphanage, which served approximately 400,000 children over 500 years.
Brunelleschi designed the architecture of the front façade to the building (yes, the famous Duomo architect). Famous Renaissance artists were commissioned to provide art to the orphanage for the education of children. Boys received a liberal arts education, and girls learned viable trades. The idea of children’s rights first took hold here (even before women’s rights, interestingly). It was the place where the practice of pediatrics and obstetrics was born.
It wasn’t all good. Gender issues remained, with very few opportunities for women. Slavery was also (surprisingly) well established with many of the abandoned children the progeny of wealthy owners and their female slaves. Women had few options. Some became paid wet nurses for the orphanage. Many went into the nunnery. The Innocenti, through its philanthropy efforts, did provide dowries for some of the female children so they could be married. The book triggers interesting questions on whether women were a part of the Renaissance at all.
The more things change, the more they stay the same. Valeria Luiselli (an author I recently read) is quoted in the Epilogue/Last Chapter of this book. She writes of the children detained at the US border who flee Central America to get away from gang and sexual violence. It is a sad commentary that the US put these children in cages under equally horrible circumstances.
I am interested in Italian history, especially the time of the Renaissance and enjoyed reading this well researched book about an area that I hadn’t yet been exposed to, the “history of childhood”. Solid 4.5 star read.
Brunelleschi designed the architecture of the front façade to the building (yes, the famous Duomo architect). Famous Renaissance artists were commissioned to provide art to the orphanage for the education of children. Boys received a liberal arts education, and girls learned viable trades. The idea of children’s rights first took hold here (even before women’s rights, interestingly). It was the place where the practice of pediatrics and obstetrics was born.
It wasn’t all good. Gender issues remained, with very few opportunities for women. Slavery was also (surprisingly) well established with many of the abandoned children the progeny of wealthy owners and their female slaves. Women had few options. Some became paid wet nurses for the orphanage. Many went into the nunnery. The Innocenti, through its philanthropy efforts, did provide dowries for some of the female children so they could be married. The book triggers interesting questions on whether women were a part of the Renaissance at all.
The more things change, the more they stay the same. Valeria Luiselli (an author I recently read) is quoted in the Epilogue/Last Chapter of this book. She writes of the children detained at the US border who flee Central America to get away from gang and sexual violence. It is a sad commentary that the US put these children in cages under equally horrible circumstances.
I am interested in Italian history, especially the time of the Renaissance and enjoyed reading this well researched book about an area that I hadn’t yet been exposed to, the “history of childhood”. Solid 4.5 star read.
December 5, 2025
Heart wrenching and heart breaking, with great compassion, Joseph shares the harrowing reality that was the fate of the innocent-unwanted, abandoned and orphaned in Renaissance Florence.
Victims of a society - with no rights and no one to fight for them until, finally, from personal patronage and social conscience, the orphanage was conceived and established.
Joseph traces the history and challenges and sheds light on the triumphs as well as its failures over the centuries…all illustrating that the most humane efforts can still have its shortcomings.
Joseph offers new insights into the institution and its evolution into a effective voice for children and how these concerns echo even today.
Having visited the Ospedale degli Innocenti museum several times over the past few years, I found this book to be an invaluable read and, certainly, I will return with new eyes.
A must read and a must visit in Florence.
Victims of a society - with no rights and no one to fight for them until, finally, from personal patronage and social conscience, the orphanage was conceived and established.
Joseph traces the history and challenges and sheds light on the triumphs as well as its failures over the centuries…all illustrating that the most humane efforts can still have its shortcomings.
Joseph offers new insights into the institution and its evolution into a effective voice for children and how these concerns echo even today.
Having visited the Ospedale degli Innocenti museum several times over the past few years, I found this book to be an invaluable read and, certainly, I will return with new eyes.
A must read and a must visit in Florence.
December 10, 2025
The Innocents of Florence is an eye opening look at the evolution of how childhood has grown to be viewed and revered. Children were not revered in the earlier centuries but weree treated as adults once they had the ability to contribute to their families and society. Professor Luzzi’s passion for the subject comes through in this beautifully written book. His in depth research is made clear and his writing is so accessible….It reads like a novel. To made to realize how during so many centuries in the past the value and appreciation of the arts was passed on to children in the Innocence was eye opening and so appreciated. I read the book as Prof Luzzi narrated the audio version which i also higly recommend.. His voice and pronunciations in Italian as he himself is Italian American was perfect and so very enjoyable. I highly recommend this lovely book and promise one will not be disappointed by reading but only grateful to have as a valued addition of ones personal library.
January 2, 2026
Per Wikipedia, the Hospital of the Innocents is a historic building in Florence, Italy. It was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi, who received the commission in 1419 from the Arte della Seta. It was originally a foundling (children whose parents are unable to care for them) hospital, as well as an orphanage (children with no parents.) It is regarded as a notable example of early Italian Renaissance architecture. The hospital, which features a nine bay loggia facing the Piazza SS. Annunziata, was built and managed by the Arte della Seta or Silk Guild of Florence, one of the wealthiest in the city and, like most guilds, took upon itself philanthropic duties.
Today the building houses a small museum of Renaissance art with works by Luca della Robbia, Sandro Botticelli, and Piero di Cosimo, as well as an Adoration of the Magi by Domenico Ghirlandaio and also serves as the base of operations for the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
Today the building houses a small museum of Renaissance art with works by Luca della Robbia, Sandro Botticelli, and Piero di Cosimo, as well as an Adoration of the Magi by Domenico Ghirlandaio and also serves as the base of operations for the UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre.
November 6, 2025
Joseph Luzzi is one of my favorite writers. He is incapable of writing a bad sentence, and his love for his subjects comes shining through. He understands Italy in a way few outsiders do, and it is certainly because he is Italian American. His books are a kaleidoscope of Italy from Into a Dark Wood on Dante and grief to A Cinema of Poetry on Italian movies to My Two Italies, a beautiful portrait of an Italian American immigrant family. The Innocents of Florence is a beautifully told story of a small microcosm of Italy, but it is a touching place to tell a story of a city and a country in a deeply humane way.
November 6, 2025
This is an amazing book on so many levels. The research and story about the children and saving their lives in the historcial context is so interesting, compelling and a must read. It’s so beautifully written. And in our complex times and this time of year it’s very special that the book is coming out this fall just in time for book lovers to gift this book for Thanksgiving and Christmas. The book is inspirational. And Joseph Luzzi has, once again, written another outstanding book. A must read.
December 5, 2025
Wrap your gift of a silk scarf this year around Innocents of Florence a book where the reader discovers how we believe in children today. A story written with compassion and thorough research this book of survival and hope begins in a hospital in Florence, Italy, devoted to babies abandoned for ANY reason. Persisting to this day is the legacy of of how we care for orphans today. I could not stop reading right through it with the urgent need to share it on my giving list this year with a wish for grace in a new year to you all.
November 18, 2025
This is a sweeping story that takes the reader from establishing an early orphanage in Florence. Funded by largesse and guilt, the millionaires of the Renaissance recognize they must take care of their abandoned children. Through this poignant story, Joseph Luzzi, kindly, reaminds his reader that life is not so different today. We must remember compassion. He spins art, history, Florence in the Renaissance with impeccable detail. It is an exquisite read.
December 17, 2025
4.5 stars. Really eye-opening read primarily about a time period (the Renaissance) I haven’t thought much about since high school. Heavy topic but a quick, enjoyable read about an institution I probably would have walked right by without noticing if I happened to be in Florence.
December 29, 2025
Difficult to grasp without knowing all the "characters" and locations. Interesting none the less.
Displaying 1 - 16 of 16 reviews