As a pastor, I am aware that clergy families face unique challenges that many other families do not. Missionary Kids experience even more unique challenges than even Preacher's Kids. Like PKs, MKs are expected to behave in certain ways, for they often live in a fishbowl. But MKs face the reality that their parents are often idolized as spiritual heroes and saints because they go to distant lands to share the Gospel. This is especially true in White Evangelical churches. The children of Missionaries have to deal with such challenges as growing up in a foreign land and often spending their childhoods and youth in boarding schools. So, what does this look like from the perspective of an MK?
Holly Berkley Fletcher offers us an inside look at life as an MK in "The Missionary Kids: Unmasking the Myths of White Evangelicalism." Fletcher spent much of her childhood as an MK in Kenya. She is also a historian, having earned a PhD in American History. Besides having taught at universities, she also served for nineteen years as a CIA analyst, focused on Africa. This book draws on her own experiences as well as interviews and conversations with other MKS. For that reason, we get a fairly full picture of what it is like to be an MK, both the joys and the sorrows. The subtitle hints at the purpose here, and that is to uncover the realities of life as an MK, realities that are too often shrouded in myths of sainthood and heroism. The truth is, not every missionary is a saint or a hero, and children can suffer as a result.
Fletcher begins the book with a haunting sentence: "I've only known one probable murderer in my life, and he was an evangelical missionary" (p. 1). With that, the myths of sainthood have been effectively unmasked. The murder she references is that of a missionary who was suspected of killing his wife. This missionary was highly celebrated, with many self-reported exploits, but is suspected of killing his wife while having an affair with another married missionary. As we move through the book, we encounter missionaries who sexually abuse their own children and the children of the communities they served. We hear of abuse that takes place at boarding schools. We also hear of the challenges of moving from the mission field back to the United States. Perhaps in a way similar to children of members of the military, they often return stateside not knowing a real home, for the home they have ever really known was on the mission field.
While Fletcher writes from a postevangelical perspective, she writes this book not to dismiss missionaries, but to help those who are not missionaries to better understand the realities faced by missionaries and their children. At a time when scandals have rocked the American church, especially the evangelical world, missionaries are still held in high regard. It is understandable, but missionaries are human beings and subject to human frailties. The problem is that too often there is little or no accountability, such that missionaries can engage in inappropriate behavior, which may be ignored or mishandled. Too often, there is little support, especially psychological support, for missionaries and their children. Fletcher does an excellent job in revealing these realities with compassion and clarity.
With all of this in mind, so that we gain a better understanding of what MKs face, she writes, "If missionaries are the evangelical rockstars, we are the roadies, of sorts---although we're along for the ride involuntarily, and perhaps not performing much actual labor. Then again, we're definitely carrying the baggage. Many of us grew up feeling it was on us to help make the stars look good: show up, do your job, don't complain, don't screw up" (p. 6). This message was often drilled into children of missionaries by their teachers and other mission leaders --- don't complain and don't mess up, lest you undermine the work of your parents. That's a big load to place on a child.
Fletcher divides her book into four parts: "The Myth of Calling;" The Myth of Multiculturalism," "The Myth of Saints," and "The Myth of Indispensibility." The first section of the book is divided into three chapters. The first is titled "Accessories to Martyrs," and it sets the stage for what comes later, as the parents are seen at times as martyrs while the children are simply there, often living far apart from their parents. She writes that "Missionaries' inability to offer their children a stable domestic life was alternately glossed over or played up in the context of their sacrifice and martyrdom" (p. 31). Chapter 2 focuses on calling and how that is experienced by MKS, who generally do not have a choice in the matter and can be put in dangerous and traumatic situations. Finally, in chapter 3, titled "Jesus Is Their Favorite," we learn of the challenge of parental neglect of MKs, who are often sent off to boarding schools far from their parents. Even many who do not go to such schools experience neglect as parents put ministry ahead of family.
Part 2 focuses on the Myth of Multiculturalism. The first chapter is titled "Bubble Boys and Girls." In this chapter (ch. 4), Fletcher reveals that rather than experiencing in any real way the cultural context in which their missionary parents work, they are often kept in a bubble. Part of that is rooted in racist attitudes toward the communities the missionaries are working. Fletcher shares her own experience being "bubblewrapped." In Chapter 5, this conversation is continued in "The Great (Race) Escape." Here, Fletcher notes how most American evangelical missionaries are white. Here again, the idea of color-blindness has replaced overt racism, but Black Christians continue to be silenced in White contexts. In Chapter 6, Fletcher speaks of "A Cultural Trade Imbalance." She notes here that while missionaries often bring American values and culture to their missionary efforts, little goes the other way. This includes, in terms of the educational experiences of MKs, who, at least until recently, rarely learned much of the culture and history of the places they were living, especially in African contexts, and rarely focused on the history and culture of the people where they were living.
Part III is titled "The Myth of Saints." It is here that we learn of the dark side of the missions enterprise. In Chapter 7, titled "The Untouchables," we learn of power dynamics in the missionary relationship with those they seek to reach, such that missionaries are rarely peers, often living at a higher standard of living than the people they seek to reach. This also includes a sense of isolation, especially for MKs. In Chapter 8, titled "One Big Happy Family," she writes of the missionary community, which is presumed to be one happy family, but often isn't. Yet, they are in many ways family. Then in Chapter 9, she speaks of the problem of the missions enterprise being "A Breeding Ground for Abuse." This is a disturbing chapter, but it is enlightening, for children have suffered traumatic mental, spiritual, and physical injury due to abuses, including sexual abuse. Often, little is ever done to hold abusers accountable. While abuse is one of the challenges, so is being "Sent Home" (ch. 10). Being sent home, which is different than going home, can result from several issues, some of which involve MKS and their behavior or situations. But again, abuse can often lead to families being sent home, ripping a child up from what has become home. Chapter 11 is titled "Fighting For Change." Here, there is some good news. Efforts have been made to change things, especially when it comes to oversight and accountability. A lot of this change is due to the lobbying of MK survivors, together with the larger public engaging in public shaming of mission organizations that cover up abuses. IN Chapter 12, she writes of when "Theology Trumps Policy." Here she tells about several places where "theology" led to challenges, such as the emergence of the Purity Culture in the early 2000s, which led to the shaming of victims of sexual assault and questions of gender equality. Here again, issues of race and racism emerge.
The final section, Part IV, focuses on the "Myth of Indispensibility." In other words, are missionaries indispensable? She reveals that they are not. So, in Chapter 13, titled "Getting Out of the Way," she reveals the many ways in which getting out of the way by American missionaries has proven to be a good thing. The problem is that many missionaries and their supporters don't trust the emergent communities of faith. The problem here is, as she notes, "one of the things Western Missionaries and ministries too often can't shed is a sense of their own righteousness, and sometimes the greater the sacrifice, the greater the tendency to slide into narcissism" (p. 221). In Chapter 14, "Searching for Home," Fletcher shares the difficult realities faced by MKs when they return to the States and search for a home that is not a home. They are, in many ways, nomads. For some, this leads them back to the mission field because that is the only home they have ever known. She reveals her own longing for home in Kenya. A lot of this involves not having a firm sense of identity.
As Fletcher writes in her conclusion, "The MK experience has a lot to teach the American church, but it has lessons for us all. The missionary kids know more than most how tenuous our grasp is on the things we try to own: identity, place, belonging." (p. 260). By unmasking the myths, Holly Berkey Fletcher helps us better understand the realities faced by MKs, but also raises questions about our own faith and how we live it. It's a complicated story, with both the good and the bad. But to understand the good, we must also acknowledge the bad and work to overcome it. Fletcher does an excellent job of telling the story that she and others experienced, hopefully so that things can change for the better.