I think this a fantastic introduction to the manifold philosophical interpretations of anxiety. Chopra
synthesizes the existential, the buddhist, the psychoanalytic, and the marxist readings to work through the meaning of anxiety. Something he does extremely well--he has a real knack for recapitulating quite complex philosophical concepts with language that is easy to understand. I was familiar with the writings of Kierkegaard, Freud, Heidegger, and Tillich going into this, and it was beautiful to see their ideas expressed and integrated into this study. This work also gave me a better understanding of some areas of thought I'm not as familiar with, like Marcuse's conception of materialist anxiety and Nietzsche's work, which I'm still only beginning to make sense of.
I was surprised at Chopra's use of autobiography in this work. As someone who also moves anxiously in the world (as we all do, as Chopra insightfully addresses in this work), I resonated with his struggles in relationships, with 'changing paths', and especially with his experience in psychotherapy. I found this exposition to be incredibly honest and provoking, and I think it sets up his orientation towards anxiety and existentialism (as someone who also found his way to existentialism and psychoanalysis, these passages made me reflect on why I've gravitated towards these schools of thought myself).
This is not a self-help book. As Chopra writes, "We have too many 'guides for the perplexed'; perhaps we should be more suspicious of moral instructions and 'life plans' that create in us a 'bad conscience,' saddling us with a guilt-stricken, anxious view of life; should we, perhaps, entertain uncertainty and the possibilities of the unlived life?" (Chopra, 146). For Chopra, it is the encounter with anxiety, from its multiple angles, that allows us to understand it, to affirm it as part of our lives, and to go through with living and evoking change. I do not 'beat' my anxiety, I learn my anxiety. Here, Chopra offers many different points of approach, different angles of learning 'the beast'.
I think this book serves as a great introduction to existentialism, not only for its lengthy expositions on death, nothingness, freedom, responsibility, and authenticity, but also for the fact that Chopra overlays Herbert Marcuse's polemic against the existentialist concern with anxiety. The existentialists would claim that anxiety is something 'ontological' to the human being; it is this universal contour to existence itself; Man, as such, is anxious. Marcuse argues that such ontological claims are privileged and bourgeois; for if anxiety is ontological, then man would have no more to do than to accept his fate. This negates his possible realization of systemic, societal forces that produce his anxiety, thereby withholding any rebellion towards a change. Marcuse's insight is correct in some sense--existentialists like Kierkegaard, Tillich, and Heidegger pose 'anxiety' as something 'incurable' as such; thus, the marginalized subject will remain quiescent to his 'incurable' situation. This is why Marcuse wished to reframe existential topics like 'freedom' and 'anxiety' as experiences deeply informed by 'social structures' and 'historical movements' (135). For Marcuse, anxiety is a symptom of the alienation of labor, of the unrest spurred on by a capitalist society. The anxieties of the working-class subject differ from the anxieties of the bourgeoise; yet the middle-class existentialist sees 'anxiety' as this democratized ontological item. Here, I would have liked to see Chopra introduce some of the further distinctions the existentialists have made regarding anxiety; Heidegger makes clear the ontological distinction between anxiety and fear, that fear is something with a definite object, and is an 'ontic' representation of a deeply-rooted existential anxiety. Paul Tillich spends much of The Courage to Be outlining the subjective transformation of anxiety into fear, whereby the subject bears the weight of the existential anxiety of nonbeing by finding its 'definite object'. Such are ways we can go about replying to Marcuse; as soon as we localize anxiety to something 'presented' to us, we lose sight of the ontological character of anxiety as such. Even the subject who initiates change in society and situation still must take on the anxious burden of starting afresh, of creating new values, and of his ultimate death as well. Anxiety, as individualizing, would allow for such initiatives to even spring up.
There's a brilliant moment somewhere towards the end of the psychoanalytic chapter, where Chopra localizes Freud's notion of anxiety (being a symptom of sexual repression) to the historical moment of 19th-century Vienna, and contrasts this notion with our current permissive-performative society (One could compare this insight with Byung Chul-Han's critique of the neoliberal invective to 'perform' in achievement-based society). Chopra says, "...we face in our society the problem of punishment not for performance but for nonperformance instead: our cultures saturate us with images of idealized potential romantic partners and sexual performers with perfect bodies; online, and elsewhere, we are fed a daily dose of sexual inadequacy, insecurity, and frustration" (114). Here, in this contemporary time-period, the super-egoic mandate is not to suppress your true desires, but to engage in them fully. The terms of this engagement open up new avenues of guilt and anxiety; the social invective to have 'good' sex, and lots of it. In the age of 'hookups' and 'body-counts', sex has become an essential domain of performativity, and with this mandate to perform comes the anxiety of inadequacy, the insecurity of one's body, etc... It was interesting to read this flourish in contrast to the more-existential insights found in the earlier chapters.
Overall, this is a great work philosophy in-itself, and also serves as an engaging introduction to some interesting topics in the field.