Prior to reading this book, I bumped into an article on ancient marriage. According to Veda, marriage is called as a union between masculine and feminine entity with firm commitment to Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. One of the central pillar of Indian society was marriage. In the last century, higher percentage of people settled for a partner that their families have arranged for them. However, the relationship between man and woman is changing. The change has been more drastic in last ten years than they were in three thousand years. Arranged marriage may seem to be very retrograde concept now. The beliefs of previous generations are no longer considered sacrilegious. Young generation in particular treat parent’s way of life as antiquated and extremely quixotic. The world has become small and alluring too. Insatiable erotomania means that sex is beginning to escape from underneath the sheets and in to the living room. I must say sex is finally out of the closet and on to the streets. The order of love, sex and marriage have undergone radical changes. Traditionally, it was marriage, sex and then love if the couples are lucky. Now the order is love, sex and may be marriage. Increasing number of urban Indians are beginning to believe that love and sex are all that matters in a relationship. New paradigms of sex and relationship – open and live-in are being tested and explored. The change in relationship has probably led to more fulfilling relationships than those in the past but it has also contributed to myriad crisis in society. Great Indian middle class is trying to fit into globalized world. Through this book, we hear tales, narratives, conversations and analysis of how love, sex and marriages are working in modern urban India.
Stephanie Coontz is a historian and marriage expert. She had studied marriage pattern in Europe and North America. In her well-known book- “Marriage, a History: How love conquered marriage”, she concludes that market driven economy led to erosion of traditional social system in the eighteenth century. Young people began accepting the idea that love should be the primary criteria for marriage. Still marriage continued to be of paramount importance. By 1970’s, love and sex revolution dislodged marriage from its central position in society and it was no longer considered a required step for a fulfilling life. Coontz’s theory can be applied to Indian scenario as well. Though marriage continues to play an important role, the tradition of arranged marriage is breaking down. Increasing number of people are choosing to marry for love rather than for religious, caste, family or economic reasons. Young educated men and women from conservative and traditional family moves to other cities in order to make their career. The office atmosphere especially in IT sector is such that romance blooms. These young people experience a lot of freedom. Sometimes parents would acquiesce and go with their children’s interest. After marriage, they are suddenly confronted with problems that come along with romance and relationship. They cannot count on their parents for emotional support and end up hitting a rough patch. Sometimes young couple's decision affront their obdurate parents and society. Such decisions can cause malaise and takes a life threatening turn. If love and marriage is across caste and community then young couples are killed too. To protect such couples from the wrath of their families, an organization named “Loved Commandos” have been doing noticeable work but acrimonious and ugly atmosphere refuse to go.
When we discuss about marriage, can subject of divorce be far behind? The answer is No. Let us see the current statistics of divorce rates, legal definition and ancient text teachings. In ancient times, there are so few instances of divorce that there was no defined word for divorce. Finally, when it happened, it occurred under extraordinary circumstances. If the spouse is impotent or have decided to renounce the world. Ancient text like Naradasmriti permit a woman to remarry only under mentioned two conditions. In 70’s, divorce rate barely touch 1 per cent. According to 2001 census figure, divorce rate is high as 7%. Recent national level figures are not available as divorce proceedings are dealt with at the state level. Had it been available, it seems like more than 7%. Traditionally two families have come closer to avoid divorce. The couples tried harder to adjust. Presently, due to financial independence and increase in confidence, women are no longer always ready to adjust. This is irrespective of whether a woman is distressed or not. According to Hindu Marriage Act, divorce in Hindu marriages are possible only when it fall under adultery, cruelty, renunciation of the world or change in relation. In an amendment, mutual consent between couples without the need to present faults was also included in the ambit of the marriage act. Changes in law too have speeded up divorce proceedings.
In movies especially of softcore or X-rated genre, outside the relationship casual flings and sexuality are common even when partners are in so-called committed relationship. It is just a movie, which can show any queer stuff. The bizarre contents cannot be a reality. If you agree then you need a reality check. We have been discussing about marriage. If we explore modern love in India then we find that two person can be in a relationship, live, and stay together, without getting married. The Supreme Court has legalized it and if consenting adults take such a decision then it is not considered a crime. Such news no longer astonish anybody. What can be considered as brazen is the fact that each partner explores his or her sexuality individually while maintaining one's marriage. Both the partners indulged in adultery in full cognizance and consent of each other. They keep their marriage intact for parents and society’s sake. Both follows the track of traditional marriage but suddenly they drift to enter into an undefined open marriage. They live a promiscuous life. They are not even resentful. The thrill of illicit romance is too alluring for them. The third most radical and hair-raising idea is swinger’s club. It is noticed in upper strata of the society. The couple not only indulge themselves in sexuality with each other but with other people as well, provided the couples are members of the club. Such clubs mushroomed in western world five decades ago and now it sees steady growth in India . It is still in embryonic stage.
The trade of accepting money in favor of sex also existed back in 300 CE. The temple sex workers formed an important part of religious and cultural life in India. They were well treated and respected. They also held a high social status in the society. Ancient texts such as Arthashatra, Buddhacharitra and Kamasutra narrates widely accepted positions that courtesans held in India. Arthashastra lays down the functions of the prostitutes during their active service and post retirement. Vatsyayana devoted an entire section to ganikas in Kamasutra. He states that it is the duty of men to indulge the ganika who were indispensable part in public function of the town and aristocracy. During the Mughal reign, the practices from Persia was seamlessly integrated into the practices of the ganikas. Rich and powerful nobles sponsored the courtesans known as tawaifs. They were connoisseurs of song and dance. They specialized in vocal forms such as ghazal and thumri, and dance forms like Kathak. They were prerogatives of rich and powerful. Common people could not even touch them. The downfall of ancient tradition of courtesan began during Indian Revolt of 1857, when it was discovered that many British soldiers were infected with venereal disease. The skillset involving music is no longer associated with women, who provides sexual services in return of money. You call these women prostitutes. The law of the land is peculiar. The trade is neither abolished nor legalized. Previously most girls came from lower strata of the society. They were either pushed into the trade forcefully or were driven by poverty. Now the scenario is changing. The low-end category is still in majority but around 40% are coming from upper classes who operates as call girls, bar girls and high-class prostitutes. Indian women also face a competition from foreign women, mostly coming from erstwhile Soviet Union and other East European countries. These girls look good, dress well, flirt expertly and titillate professionally. The rich and powerful are now avoiding low-end prostitutes and preferring foreign or English speaking women. The arena too is changing. It is shifting to farmhouse and five star hotel. The clients for these low-end prostitutes are coolie, rickshaw pullers and young boys who are barely into their teens. That does not mean their numbers are decreasing but one class of sexual worker is increasing at astronomical speed to keep up with the need of ever increasing sexual demands of men.
There have been sea changes in taste of Indians in the last decade. Whatever be the state of the economy, people are always getting married. The marriage business is never down. Apart from traditional ghataks, online marriage portals are connecting prospective bride and grooms like never before. For the moneyed people, marriage event was always a gala event and now there are multiple adds on. Friends and family members dance to hip-swinging sequence. Choreographers train them few days in advance. The wedding décor resembles Bollywood film set. As per the direction of photographers, the new couple pose like Bollywood actors. The videographers makes the wedding video look like a mini Bollywood film with all those songs and dances. Bollywood celebrities make nice profit by appearing in these events for few minutes. Bollywood has invaded every aspect of Indian wedding.
In the last few decades, Indian women have become astonishingly bold in their taste and to fulfill it, they go that extra mile. The sale of sex toys are illegal in the country. However, in the black market, the vibrators and dildos are much in demand. The surprises do not stop here. The products associated with other sexually active behavior are becoming popular as well. Vaginal beautification, which not only involve removal of hair but also decorating vagina with diamond crystal and other precious stones, have takers and getting popular. Laser hair removal parlours have become as common as beauty parlours. Women are spending a good amount of money on what they wear on bed. The organized lingerie market has trebled in the last ten years. When iconic brand Wonderbra was launched, all it’s prelaunch stock on display was sold out. What was the unit sold? It was one lac. The other online lingerie stores like Pretty Secrets and Zivame are gaining ground as well popularity in India.
The book brilliantly present the changing attitude towards love, sex and marriage in full. As part of her research, Ira Trivedi had travelled extensively in all metros and dozen other cities to get an impression of the changes that are taking place. What are the stimulus for these changes? The changes are directly proportional to technological, economic, political and legislative changes over the past decade that have provided people with plethora of choices, freedom and experiences. Technology in particular has been a game changer. This have broadened people's desire and aspirations as well as teased their imaginations. The present generation is exposed to romantic and sexualized culture. Before penning this book, the author had planned to see trends, collect statistic and then reached a conclusion. Every time, she tried to freeze a theory, something would pop up and dislodge it. As per Newton’s third law, every action has equal and opposite reaction. Likewise, during her research she found that for every truth, there was an equal and opposite untruth. The book is a revelation. This was an interesting and readable account. Apart from being an author, she is also a yoga expert. You can watch her videos in YouTube. I am smitten by her good looks and bitten by her writing bug. I am looking forward to her other books.