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Lie Zi: El libro de la perfecta vacuidad

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El audiolibro de la perfecta vacuidad, conocido en China como Lie zi (nombre del legendario maestro a quien se atribuye), es uno de los tres clásicos del taoísmo filosófico, junto al Libro del Tao o Tao te king y al Zhuang zi. Bien que sea el menos conocido de los tres, su lectura resulta indispensable no sólo para quien aspire a un cumplido acercamiento al fascinante mundo del pensamiento taoísta -valga como ejemplo el capítulo titulado Yang zhu, donde aparece reflejado un muy particular aspecto del taoísmo primitivo, tergiversado o discutido en épocas posteriores-, sino incluso para dotarse de un mínimo bagaje de información, que permita al interesado familiarizarse con historias y relatos que en China brotan por doquier, tanto en el habla popular, como en la literatura antigua y moderna; al punto de haber merecido la atención del mismo Mao Zedong, una de cuyas obras más populares, El viejo tonto que removió las montañas, está directa y cabalmente inspirada en un relato que aparece en este audiolibro.

Audible Audio

First published January 1, 370

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About the author

Liezi

57 books38 followers
Lie Yukou (列圄寇/列禦寇, fl. ca. 400 BCE) is considered the author of the Daoist book Liezi, which uses his honorific name Liezi (列子; Lieh-tzu; literally: "Master Lie"). Lie Yukou was born in the State of Zheng, near today's Zhengzhou, Henan Province.

There is little historical evidence of Lie Yukou as a Hundred Schools of Thought philosopher during the Warring States period. This could be due to the burning of books and burying of scholars which occurred during the reign of Qin Shi Huang. However, some scholars believe that the Zhuangzi invented him as a Daoist exemplar.

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Profile Image for Vaishali.
1,162 reviews311 followers
April 1, 2020
A collection of many anecdotes about famed Taoist, Master Lieh Tzu.
WARNING: My notes contain far larger segments than usual because of the rich and surprising content : enlightenment, animals, inventions -- including the world's first possible robot.

*** Quotes ***
--------------

“The man of perfect faith can extend his influence to inanimate things and disembodied spirits; he can move heaven and earth, and fly to the six cardinal points without encountering any hindrance. His powers are not confined to walking in perilous places and passing through water and fire.”


====


“With regard to my method of feeding tigers, all I have to say is this: when yielded to, they are pleased; when opposed, they are angry. Such is the natural disposition of all living creatures. But neither their pleasure nor their anger is manifested without a cause. Both are really excited by opposition... In feeding tigers, then, I avoid giving them either live animals or whole carcasses, lest in the former case the act of killing, in the latter the act of tearing them to pieces, should excite them to fury. Again, I time their periods of hunger and repletion, and I gain a full understanding of the causes of their anger. Tigers are of a different species from man, but, like him, they respond to those who coax them with food, and consequently the act of killing their victims tends to provoke them. This being so, I should not think of opposing them and thus provoking their anger; neither do I humor them and thus cause them to feel pleased. For this feeling of pleasure will in time be succeeded by anger, just as anger must invariably be succeeded by pleasure. Neither of these states hits the proper mean. Hence it is my aim to be neither antagonistic nor compliant, so that the animals regard me as one of themselves.”


====


“‘ ‘The man who achieves harmony with Tao enters into close unison with external objects, and none of them has the power to harm or hinder him. Passing through solid metal or stone, walking in the midst of fire or on the surface of water — all these things become possible to him.'

'Why, my friend,' asked the Marquis, 'Cannot you do all this?'

'I have not yet succeeded,' said Tzu Hsia, 'In cleansing my heart of impurities and discarding Wisdom. I can only find leisure to discuss the matter in tentative fashion.'

'And why,' pursued the Marquis, 'Does not the Master himself perform these feats?'

'The Master,' replied Tzu' Hsia, 'Is is able to do these things, but he is also able to refrain from doing them.’

====


“The Sage embraces similarity of understanding and pays no regard to similarity of form. The world in general is attracted by similarity of form, but remains indifferent to similarity of understanding. Those creatures that resemble them in shape they love and consort with; those that differ from them in shape they fear and keep at a distance. The creature that has a skeleton seven units long, hands differently shaped from the feet, hair on its head, and an even set of teeth in its jaws, and walks erect, is called a man. But it does not follow that a man may not have the mind of a brute. Even though this be the case, other men will still recognize him as one of their own species in virtue of his outward form. Creatures which have wings on the back or horns on the head, serrated teeth or extensile talons, which fly overhead or run on all fours, are called birds and beasts. But it does not follow that a bird or a beast may not have the mind of a man. Yet, even if this be so, it is nevertheless assigned to another species because of the difference in form. P'ao Hsi, Nü Kua, Shên Nung and Hsia Hou had serpents' bodies, human faces, ox-heads and tigers' snouts. Thus, their forms were not human, yet their virtue was of the saintliest. Chieh of the Hsia dynasty, Chou of the Yin, Huan of the Lu State, and Mu of the Ch'u State, were in all external respects, as facial appearance and possession of the seven channels of sense, like unto other men; yet they had the minds of savage brutes. Howbeit, in seeking perfect understanding, men attend to the outward form alone, which will not bring them near to it.”


====


“This was the attraction of animals by the power of music. In what, then, do the minds of birds and beasts differ from the minds of men? Their shapes and the sounds they utter are different from ours, and they know no way of communicating with us. But the wisdom and penetration of the Sage are unlimited: that is why he is able to lead then, to do his bidding. The intelligence of animals is innate, even as that of man. Their common desire is for self-preservation, but they do not borrow their knowledge from men. There is pairing between the male and the female, and mutual attachment between the mother and her young… They show one another the way to the drinking-places, and call to their fellows when there is food. In the earliest ages, they dwelt and moved about in company with man. It was not until the age of emperors and kings that they began to be afraid and broke away into scattered bands. And now, in this final period, they habitually hide and keep out of man's way so as to avoid injury at his hands. At the present day, in the country of the Chieh clan to the east, the people can often interpret the language of the six domestic animals, although they have probably but an imperfect understanding of it. In remote antiquity, there were men of divine enlightenment who were perfectly acquainted with the feelings and habits of all living things, and thoroughly understood the languages of the various species. They brought them together, trained them, and admitted them to their society, exactly like human beings....These sages declared that, in mind and understanding, there was no wide gulf between any of the living species endowed with blood and breath. And therefore, knowing that this was so, they omitted nothing from their course of training and instruction.”


=====


“All that has the breath of life, all that possesses bodily form, is mere illusion. The point at which creation begins, the change effected by the Dual Principles--these are called respectively Life and Death. That which underlies the manifold workings of Destiny is called Evolution; that which produces and transforms bodily substance is called Illusion. The ingenuity of the Creative Power is mysterious, and its operations are profound. In truth, it is inexhaustible and eternal. …How should the Creative Power possess a conscious mind? It is its spontaneity that constitutes the mystery. Spirit and matter eagerly come together and coalesce into perceptible forms. Following the path of evolution they proceed on their way, and before long relapse into nothingness. The ingenuity of that which causes material form is patent to the eye, and its operations are superficial. Therefore it arises anon, and anon it vanishes. Only one who knows that Life is really Illusion, and that Death is really Evolution, can begin to learn magic from me. You and I are both illusions. What need, then, to make a study of the subject? If a person wishes to make a study of illusion, in spite of the fact that his own body is an illusion, we are reduced to the absurdity of an illusion studying an illusion.“


===


“Their Master Lieh Tzu said to them: 'He who has reached the stage of thought is silent. He who has attained to perfect knowledge is also silent. He who uses silence in lieu of speech really does speak. He who for knowledge substitutes blankness of mind really does know. Without words and speaking not, without knowledge and knowing not, he really speaks and really knows. Saying nothing and knowing nothing, there is in reality nothing that he does not say, nothing that he does not know. This is how the matter stands, and there is nothing further to be said.’ "


====


'I hold it no honor,’ said Lung Shu, 'To be praised in my native village, nor do I consider it a disgrace to be decried in my native state. Gain excites in me no joy, and loss no sorrow. I look upon life in the same light as death, upon riches in the same light as poverty, upon my fellow-men as so many swine, and upon myself as I look upon my fellow-men. I dwell in my home as though it were a mere caravanserai, and regard my native district with no more feeling than I would a barbarian state. Afflicted as I am in these various ways, honors and rewards fail to rouse me, pains and penalties to overawe me, good or bad fortune to influence me, joy or grief to move me. Thus I am incapable of serving my sovereign, of associating with my friends and kinsmen, of directing my wife and children, or of controlling my servants and retainers…What disease is this, and what remedy is there that will cure it?’

Wên Chih replied by asking Lung Shu to stand with his back to the light, while he himself faced the light and looked at him intently. 'Ah!' said he after a while, 'I see that a good square inch of your heart is hollow. You are within an ace of being a true sage. Six of the orifices in your heart are open and clear, and only the seventh is blocked up. 'It was an ancient belief that the sage had seven orifices in his heart. This, however, is doubtless due to the fact that you are mistaking for a disease that which is really divine enlightenment. It is a case in which my shallow art is of no avail.’ "


=======


'Who is that man accompanying you?' asked the King.

'That, Sire, is my own handiwork. He can sing and he can act.'

The King stared at the figure in astonishment. It walked with rapid strides, moving its head up and down, so that any one would have taken it for a live human being. … a conglomeration of leather, wood, glue and paint, variously colored white, black, red and blue… all the internal organs complete — liver, gall, heart, lungs, spleen, kidneys, stomach and intestines — and, over these, again, muscles and bones and limbs with their joints, skin and teeth and hair, all of them artificial. Not a part but was fashioned with the utmost nicety and skill; and when it was put together again, the figure presented the same appearance as when first brought in. The King tried the effect of taking away the heart, and found that the mouth would no longer utter a sound; he took away the liver, and the eyes could no longer see; he took away the kidneys, and the legs lost their power of locomotion. Now, Pan Shu, with his cloud-scaling ladder, and Mo Ti, with his flying kite, thought that they had reached the limits of human achievement. Pan Shu made a cloud-ladder by which he could mount to the sky and assail the heights of heaven; Mo Ti made a wooden kite which would fly for three days without coming down. But when Yen Shih's wonderful piece of work had been brought to their knowledge, the two philosophers never again ventured to boast of their mechanical skill, and ceased to busy themselves so frequently with the square and compasses.”


=====


“Heed your words, and they will meet with harmonious response; heed your actions, and they will find agreeable accord. Therefore, the Sage observes the origin in order to know the issue, scrutinizes the past in order to know the future. Such is the principle whereby he attains foreknowledge. The standard of conduct lies with one's own self; the testing of it lies with other men. We are impelled to love those who love us, and to hate those who hate us. T'ang and Wu loved the Empire, and therefore each became King. Chieh and Chou hated the Empire, and therefore they perished. Here we have the test applied. He who does not follow Tao when standard and test are both clear may be likened to one who, when leaving a house, does not go by the door, or, when traveling abroad, does not keep to the straight road. To seek profit in this way is surely impossible.”


====


“Lieh Tzu said: 'Those who excel in beauty become vain; those who excel in strength become violent. To such, it is useless to speak of Tao. He who is not yet turning grey will surely err if he but speak of Tao; how much less can he put it into practice! No man will confide in one who shows himself aggressive. And he in whom no man confides will remain solitary and without support. The arrogant and the aggressive will accept no confidences, even if they are made. Their mental attitude to others is one of distrust, and they keep their ears and eyes blocked. Who can render them assistance?’ "


===


“All the living creatures of the universe stand in the same category as ourselves, and one is of no greater intrinsic value than another. It is only by reason of size, strength or cunning that some particular species gains the mastery, or that one preys upon another. None of them are produced in order to subserve the uses of others. Man catches and eats those that are fit for food, but how can it be maintained that they were created expressly for man's use? Mosquitoes and gnats suck man's blood, and tigers and wolves devour his flesh; but we do not therefore assert that man was created expressly for the benefit of mosquitoes and gnats, or to provide food for tigers and wolves.”

===


“The man in whose mind suspicion is at work will let himself be carried away by utterly distorted fancies, until at last he sees white as black, and detects squareness in a circle.”


.
Profile Image for Aurélien Thomas.
Author 9 books122 followers
November 5, 2013
One of the three Taoist pillars with Chuang-Tzu and Lao-Tzu, Lieh-Tzu is also the most accessible of them all. Based on a succession of short stories, little tales and fables each with a sound teaching and great moral implication to get by in our daily lives, we have here a good practical manual to better walk the Taoist way. It's simple, yet striking, astonishing and inspiring all at once.

Clearly divided in eight parts, each focusing on one particular aspect relevant to Taoist living and philosophy, it starts by brushing a vague idea of what the Tao is and, its impact on the nature of things, so as to throw the foundation to a whole way of life, a moral, that still resonates nowadays. Indeed, Lieh-Tzu deals then with topics affecting our daily lives (success and failure, social status, expectations, money, fame and acknowledgement etc.) that hit right on targets. Thus, it's the whole Taoist philosophy that is illustrated and defended here that is, an emphasis put on simplicity, humility and compassion while, denying firmly any idea of fatalism and/or anthropocentrism.

A great read.
Profile Image for Tao.
Author 63 books2,619 followers
June 22, 2020
"His face was as expressionless as a block of wood."
Profile Image for Jib.
5 reviews2 followers
May 6, 2010
If Carnation Instant Wisdom was a marketable product, it would look like this book.

That was pretty lame. But it's true. I refer to this book all the time, and I'm blown away by how deeply these stories sink into my mind over the weeks/months I spend thinking through them/the themes they address. And they never get old. It's like a massive collection of zen koans (to me they read just like zen koans, anyway -- just as much to think about, and it's the same "I just swallowed a ball of hot iron and can't spit it back up" feeling).

Every single story has extremely valuable lessons. It's also incredibly easy to read, which emphasizes how difficult it is to thoroughly think through all these lessons.

Well, I think I might start rambling soon. That reminds me of the story in here, "Confused by too many alternatives." My brain feels like it's processing millions of things at once, and I have so many ideas, and then I end up getting completely confused and not learning anything at all. So I'll take the advice of that story and just....well...here.

"...There is only one principle in learning the Tao. Don't get swamped by too many choices. By the time you try all the alternatives, you will be totally confused and you will have learned nothing. The only way to learn, then, is to focus on one technique, get to the source of it, and do not abandon it until you've completed your learning."

I love this book. It fills my brain with magical waves of chi and happiness and light and things like that :D
Profile Image for Pers.
3 reviews
April 26, 2016
Lao Tzu, the first author of Taoism, described abstruse, metaphorical scenes in abstruse language. Chuang Tzu uses prosaic descriptions, but still described philosophical ideal rather than gritty facts. Lieh Tzu came later. He used prosaic words to describe prosaic, everyday scenes, and to find enlightenment in them.

Many ring true for me. The "yellow mare" reminded me of a technician who was finely attuned to the circuits we used. He was always wrong in his diagnosis onf the problems he showed me. That never mattered. He was always right in pointing out that there was a problem, often based on small clues that I might have missed.

Lieh discusses honesty and friendship, poverty and happiness, great riches and death. Still, the language is always modern and clear, and a good supplement to Chuang and Lao.

My problem, though, is that this isn't a translation. It's Wong's interpretation. She says, early on, "Instead of a straight translation of the sematics of the text, I have decided to present the 'voice' of Lieh Tzu." As much as I like Wong's text, it troubles me. Translation is never exact, but there are degrees of inexactness. I am concerned about how much Lieh's text has suffered.

This is good anyway, and I'll probably come back to it eve if I find a more scholarly Lieh Tzu. This is readable and thought-provoking, no matter what it's authenticity.
Profile Image for Paul Gibson.
Author 6 books17 followers
August 16, 2014
The book is easily forgotten. I read it because it has been touted as one of the more practical Taoist books. I could probably excerpt about 5 pages of such but I couldn't find much practical in the book. Most of the book is about flying around on clouds and such, and it seldom links this as metaphor by making practical points about it.
The Lieh Tzu is considered perhaps in third place behind The Chuang Tzu (Zhuangzi) and the Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching,(Daodejing) but I'd call it a distant third.
Although the Tao Te Ching is steeped in the metaphysical, it is a practical metaphysics, and there are usually lines linking metaphor to practicality that are clear enough to me . . . but I'm working on a new translation myself that removes it from most mystical leanings toward revealing a more firm philosophical foundation.
Profile Image for Tom.
192 reviews138 followers
October 9, 2010
A pretty loose "translation" of the Leizi, which makes all kinds of historical mistakes, adds a good amount of its own views into the text without making a note of it, and generally just tries to ignore any difficult. To Wong (a self-described "practicing Daoist," whatever that means), the Daoism of Liezi is essentially late 20th-century Western New Age spiritualism. It embodies everything that Americans get wrong about medieval and ancient China.
Profile Image for Gracie.
165 reviews6 followers
March 17, 2021
Good metaphors and Daoist stories to make Confucians shiver.
Profile Image for Maher Razouk.
769 reviews247 followers
May 8, 2021
Confucius also talked about stages in life. He divided life into three periods. He said, “In youth, our blood and energy are unstable. Therefore, in this period we need to tame our sexual desire. In maturity, our blood and energy are strong and aggressive. Therefore, in this stage of life, we need to tame our competitive nature. In old age, our blood and energy are weak. Therefore, in our final years, we need to dissolve our attachment to things.”
Profile Image for RdWd.
127 reviews1 follower
April 12, 2015
The text of Lieh Tzu/Liezi (possibly written by Lie Yukou) has four known English translations, this one by Lionel Giles being the first. Unfortunately this translation is an incomplete translation, collecting only chapters 1-6 and 8.

A lot of early Taoist translations ironically neglect the Taoist principle of simplicity by adding sentences upon sentences to the Taoist concept in question in an attempt to clarify for western audiences what may once have been, in some translators' eyes, quite "foreign", eastern ideas. Giles' translation does this to some extent, but keeps what I imagine to be the core message of each verse in tact. This is evidenced by the length of the verses, which are mostly quite short.

Occasionally it's a little hard to recognise the Taoist principle within each story (eg. is the story about wu-wei/inaction, jian/frugality, natural balance? etc.), as the concepts are not always attested to in the text (unlike in translations of the Tao Te Ching and Chuang Tzu). This may have been Liezi's original intention, or possibly an exclusion on Giles' behalf, most likely to condition the text to be familiar with western ideals. Either way, with the exception of a handful, the stories are fascinating reads, combining historical characters with novel situations. A particular favourite of mine was the story of Yen Shih, a man who created a Chinese automaton out of wood and leather.

For the most part, the translation was a decent and clear read.
Profile Image for Daniel.
27 reviews2 followers
May 19, 2015
A great day-to-day about how the greatest teachers of the Taoist tradition were simple and made mistakes, taking their strength from recognizing errors, delineating the causes, and refraining from perposterous arrogance about accomplishing their view of the world. Reading this book makes being a human being a bit easier, and though it isn't as 'magical' as the Tao Te Ching, it is far more humane in its inclusions of those who err in the vast breadth of individuals who touch the Tao without knowing it. Think of it as a recipe book for ways to worry a little bit less about life.
948 reviews4 followers
August 9, 2016
The wisdom of China is difficult for westerners. That wisdom is similar to some ideas of early Greeks, where most of what we know is based on fragmentary artifacts, yet somehow the Chinese have maintained there wisdom in tradition. This book is a collection of stories and aphorisms that describe abstract ideas, many of which seem to say nothing and everything at the same time. All is one, yin and yang, life and death, virtue and despotism, yet there is a Way to live your life.
Profile Image for Frater.
126 reviews33 followers
April 19, 2012
Another great Taoist text! Unlike Lao-Tzu and to some extent Chang-Tzu, Lieh-Tzu writes for everyone. In other words, you can practice Taoist principles and not be a hermit out in the woods. I mean no disrespect, and indeed Eva Wong in her intro comments on this point! Essentially Lieh-Tzu took Taoism to the masses, and I found I could relate to his realistic applications.
Profile Image for Jorge A..
36 reviews6 followers
June 29, 2024
La fuerza no es sólida, mientras que nada iguala la solidez de la dulzura. El poder de un estado ocasiona su ruina, como el tamaño de un árbol atrae al hacha. La debilidad hace vivir, la fuerza hace morir.
Profile Image for Al Ar.
8 reviews
February 10, 2023
Un puñado de citas:

Aprovechar la ocasión, encontrar el momento oportuno, adaptarse a los acontecimientos, no hay receta para todo esto, es algo que corresponde a la inteligencia de cada uno.

Lo que antes era válido, hoy ya no sirve; lo que hoy desechamos, tal vez mañana será de utilidad.

Si dentro, mi corazón no encuentra lo que busca, fuera imposible que el instrumento responda.

Sabiendo el porqué de cuanto sucede, se ve uno libre de aflicción.

Si el agua tranquila es nítida, ¡con cuánta mayor razón se aplicará esto a nuestro espíritu!

----

Traducción de Iñaki Preciado.
Profile Image for Angelo Montinovo.
178 reviews2 followers
June 8, 2024
La migliore traduzione in Italiano di questa opera del pensiero cinese antico. Un must per chiunque voglia conoscere il pensiero cinese antico ed il daoismo.
Profile Image for Pedro Picapiedra.
143 reviews3 followers
January 19, 2025
Llegué a esta obra de absoluta casualidad curioseando en uno de los múltiples puestos de una feria del libro hace ya varios años. Primero me llamó la atención por su cubierta, una escena mística y nostálgica como sólo las pinturas 'montañas-y-agua' 山水画 son capaces de reflejar. En este caso se trataba de 'La Luna de Otoño sobre la terraza de Escarcha' 露台秋月 de Yuan Yao 袁耀, una ilustración que invita al lector a detenerse un rato sobre ella e imaginarse aquel mundo lejano en tiempo y distancia. Titulando la misma cubierta nos encontramos 'Liezi, El Libro de la Perfecta Vacuidad'. ¿Cómo no había de comprarme aquel libro?

Al flechazo inicial siguieron varios años de sepultura debajo de otras lecturas hasta que por caprichos del destino volvió a asomar en la mesilla y finalmente fue cuando me decidí a transitarlo.

La obra se compone de:
- una introducción imprescindible, dividida en la evolución histórica del taoísmo y las bases de la doctrina; gracias a ella fui consciente del contexto de esta obra, siendo hasta el momento sólo conocedor únicamente de oídas del Daodejing de Laozi y el Zhuangzi.
- la introducción es seguida por la recopilación glosada en ocho libros de Zhang Zhan (s. III-IV d.C.) de escritos taoístas que datan entre los siglos V a.C-II d.C. Aunque ya se nos advierte de que de esos ocho libros, solo dos son los que con mayor probabilidad corresponden al a obra original (el Yang Zhu y el Shuo fu).
- la recopilación de notas a pie de página de Iñaqui Preciado, por la que le estoy muy agradecido y que son claves para situar los contextos y los conceptos.

Dicho esto, no es una lectura al uso. Los escritos taoístas son fragmentarios y de alguna forma los percibo aleatorios. Entiendo que carezco de un conocimiento profundo del taoísmo que me permita vislumbrar las resonancias entre los textos, pero en la práctica bien pudieran suprimirse algunos o introducirse otros que no notaría diferencia. En este aspecto, echo en falta quizá una introducción más extensa que aconseje al lector en cómo abordar estos textos, no ya sólo en cada escrito particular, sino cualquiera de los ocho libros que compone la obra. Aunque percibo diferencias entre alguno de los libros (en particular el Yang Zhu, que es donde se recoge con más recurrencia un concepto más hedonista de la vida), desconozco las diferencias que conforman cada libro y a las que debería prestar atención más allá de que históricamente han sido compilados así.

En ausencia de un conocimiento más o menos maduro del taoísmo como es mi caso, aconsejo leer este libro de una forma distendida, sin centrarse necesariamente en un orden de lectura, y disfrutar del cuento/escrito escogido. A priori pueden recordar a cuentos infantiles, que sin embargo nos dejarán reflexionando ante la ausencia de moraleja (en la mayoría de los textos).

Dejo escritos por aquí algunos fragmentos curiosos:

Al día siguiente se presentó con el adivino. Éste, nada más entrar, se marchó descompuesto [...]. Hu zi le explicó: «Acabo de mostrarme ante él sin haber salido aún de mi origen (identificado con mi principio); me he presentado en mi vacío, como algo indefinible, de modo que él no podía saber qué era lo que tenía delante. Me he limitado a imitar a las hierbas que se curvan al viento y al discurrir de las olas. Eso es lo que le ha hecho huir. (Huang Di - El emperador amarillo, 13).

el que practica la virtud (xian) sin considerarse un hombre virtuoso será estimado por todos allí donde vaya. (Huang Di - El emperador amarillo, 16)

La inteligencia es por naturaleza la misma en los animales y en el hombre. Tienen idéntico deseo de conservar sus vidas, y en esto su inteligencia no va a la zaga de la del hombre. Machos y hembras se aparean y madres e hijos se aman; evitan los llanos desprotegidos y saben refugiarse en las escarpaduras; huyen del frío y buscan el calor, viven agrupados y en grupo se desplazan [...] Fue al aparecer los emperadores y los reyes cuando empezaron a temer al hombre, se dispersaron y vivieron en estado salvaje. En los tiempos recientes, se esconden y huyen para escapar al sufrimiento y la muerte. (Huang Di - El emperador amarillo, 18)

Al término de nueve años, en sus pensamientos y palabras había quedado anulada toda diferencia entre el ser y el no ser, el bien y el mal, con respecto a sí mismo; y también con respecto a los demás. La distinción entre su interior y lo exterior a él había desaparecido. Sus sentidos se fundieron en uno y dejó de servirse de ellos. [...] Tal estado alcanzó y el orden universal ya no tuvo secretos para él. (Zhong Ni: Confucio, 6)

Long Shu le dijo a Wen Zhi «Vuestro arte es prodigioso, ¿podríais curar la enfermedad que me aqueja?». Wen Zhi le respondió: «Vuestros deseos son órdenes para mí. Pero antes, decidme los síntomas de vuestra enfermedad». Long Shu explicó: «No considero algo honroso el elogio de mis conciudadanos ni motivo de vergüenza que el Estado me repruebe. Cuando consigo lo que quiero no me alegro, ni me entristezco si lo pierdo. Vida y muerte me son indiferentes, y lo mismo me da la riqueza que la pobreza. Veo a los demás hombres como cerdos y a mí mismo me veo como a los demás. Vivo en mi casa como viajero en una posada. Considero mi país como territorio extranjero. Ante todo esto ni me motivan cargos y dignidades, ni me asustan castigos o condenas, ni me puede hacer cambiar la idea de encontrar prosperidad, ruina, daños o beneficios, como tampoco nada puede el temor de la pena
o la esperanza de alegría. De modo que no puedo servir a mi soberano, ni entablar amistad con nadie, ni gobernar mi familia, ni controlar a mis siervos y criados. ¿Qué clase de enfermedad es ésta? ¿Cómo se puede remediar?».
Wen Zhi mandó a Long Shu que se pusiera de pie de espaldas a la luz. Él se colocó detrás, frente a la luz, y observó a Long Shu. Al poco dijo: «¡Ay! Veo vuestro corazón y en él un cun cuadrado de vacío. Casi os habéis convertido en un sheng ren. Seis orificios de vuestro corazón están abiertos, sólo uno permanece. Hoy día se tiene por enfermedad la clarividencia de los sheng ren: tal vez sea ésta la explicación de vuestro caso. Mi pobre arte no puede curaros».
(Zhong Ni: Confucio, 8)

Nü Wa escogió piedras de los cinco colores para rellenar sus huecos y cortó las cuatro patas de una tortuga gigante para fijar los cuatro límites (bordes del cielo). Posteriormente Gong Gong, al luchar contra Zhuan Xu por el imperio, en un arrebato de cólera, golpeó el monte Bu zhou: uno de los pilares del cielo se quebró y se rompieron los lazos que sujetaban la tierra. A causa de ello el cielo se inclinó hacia el NO y por eso hacia allí se dirigen el sol, la luna y las estrellas; la tierra se hundió en el SE y ésa es la razón de que los cien ríos discurran en esa dirección. (Tang Wen: Preguntas de Tang, 1)

Es costumbre en él degollar a los primogénitos recién nacidos para comérselos: dicen que para bien de los hijos siguientes. Cuando muere el abuelo cargan a hombros con la viuda y la abandonan lejos. Explican: «No es posible cohabitar con la esposa de un difunto». Al sur de China está el país de los hombres de Yan. Cuando mueren los padres cortan la carne del cadáver y la tiran y luego entierran los huesos. Y todo esto es tenido por un acto de piedad filial. (Tang Wen: Preguntas de Tang, 7)

Tus éxitos no son resultado de tu inteligencia, igual que los fracasos de Bei Gonz no se deben a su necesidad. Todo eso procede del cielo y no del hombre. Cuando tú te jactas de la riqueza de tu destino y cuando Bei Gonz zi se avergüenza de la riqueza de su virtud, tanto uno como otro sólo demostráis vuestra ignorancia de las leyes de la naturaleza. (Li Ming: Fuerza y destino, 2)

Al que es capaz de ser dueño de sí mismo lo será también de los demás. (Li Ming: Fuerza y destino, 3)

Sheng ren es quien comparte su virtud con los demás, y xian ren el que con los otros comparte sus riquezas. (Li Ming: Fuerza y destino, 4)

Para quien acepta las leyes de la naturaleza ya no existe ni verdad ni error. Para el que confía en su corazón, ya no existe ni lo adverso ni lo favorable. Para el que confía en su naturaleza, ya no existe seguridad ni peligro. (Li Ming: Fuerza y destino, 9)

En Wei vivía un hombre llamado Dong Men Wu. Su hijo murió y él no mostró tristeza alguna. Su administrador le dijo: «No hay en el mundo amor como el que vos teníais a vuestro hijo, y ahora que ha muerto no manifestáis ningún pensar; ¿por qué?». Dong Men Wu le contestó: «Yo antes no tenía hijo, y en ese tiempo no estaba triste; ahora que mi hijo ha muerto la situación es igual que antes que no lo tenía. ¿Qué razón hay para que yo me aflija?». (Li Ming: Fuerza y destino, 14)

Yang Zhu dijo: «Cien años es el límite máximo de la longevidad. No hay uno solo entre mil que a ellos llegue. Y si alguien llegase, casi la mitad de ese tiempo lo ocuparía una infancia necesitada de protección y una vejez confusa que requiere ayuda. El descanso del sueño nocturno y la ociosidad sentida por el día representaría casi otra mitad. Y lo mismo, sufrimiento, enfermedades, penas y sinsabores, pérdidas, fracasos tristezas, y temores. De los diez años que restan, el tiempo transcurrido a gusto y en plena libertad, sin la menor preocupación, apenas alcanzaría la media hora. ¿Qué puede hacer, entonces, el hombre durante su vida? ¿Dónde buscar contento? Sólo queda la belleza y el placer, los sonidos y colores. Mas belleza y placer nunca procuran una satisfacción prolongada y tampoco dura el encanto de colores y sonidos. Además ahí están las prohibiciones y obligaciones que se te imponen con castigos y recompensas, y la fama o las leyes que te empujan o te frenan. Luchas sin descanso por conquistar una efímera fama vacía, te esfuerzas tras una gloria inútil que sobreviva a tu muerte. Solitario, refrenas tus sentidos, preocupado por la moralidad de las tendencias de tu cuerpo. Pierdes vanamente el disfrute supremo del presente, incapaz de sentirte libre en cada instante. ¿Qué diferencia puede haber entre esta vida y la del prisionero cargado de cadenas? Los hombres de la remota antigüedad sabían muy bien que la vida es efímera, que la muerte pronto llega. Por eso se movían a impulsos de una mente libre y no renunciaban a las inclinaciones naturales. Ni dejaban escapar en cada ocasión lo que pudiera agradar al cuerpo. De ahí que no actuaran en busca de la fama. Libres y obedientes a su propia naturaleza, no se oponían a las inclinaciones de los demás seres ni les interesaba la fama tras la muerte. De modo que el castigo carecía para ellos de sentido. Y sin cuidado les tenían fama, jerarquías, y hasta la posibilidad de una larga vida». (Yang Zhu, 2)

Igual es la muerte del sabio benevolente que la del estólido criminal. (Yang Zhu, 3)

Zi Chan fue ministro en Zheng y llegó a controlar el máximo poder del Estado. A los tres años las gentes honradas acataban su voluntad y los malvados temían su severidad. El orden reinaba en Zheng y los soberanos de los Estados vecinos le respetaban. Zi Chan tenía un hermano mayor llamado Gong-sun Chao y un hermano menor llamado Gong-sun Mu. Al mayor le gustaba la bebida y al menor las mujeres. En la casa de Chao se apilaban mil zhong de vino y había montones de levadura. A cien pasos de distancia se percibía el desagradable olor de heces y vinagre. Esclavo del vino, Chao ignoraba la suerte del mundo, ignoraba razones y sentimientos, desatendía la economía doméstica, los deberes del parentesco y las celebraciones familiares tanto las faustas como las infaustas. Hasta una inundación o un incendio, o una espada o lanza amenazadoras, le hubieran pasado desapercibidas. En la parte posterior de la mansión de Mu, el hermano menor, había hasta diez habitaciones llenas de jóvenes y bellas mujeres. Cuando le dominaba la lascivia, se olvidaba de parientes y amigos, cortaba toda relación social y corría a las habitaciones traseras donde pasaba los días y las noches. A los tres meses reaparecía y aun así no del todo satisfecho. Si en la comarca aparecía una hermosa virgen, enseguida intentaba atraerla con regalos o recurriendo a una celestina, y no paraba hasta conseguirla. Esta situación causaba a Zi Chan una permanente tristeza. Fue a visitar en secreto a Deng Xi y le consultó: «Quiao (él mismo) ha oído decir que se debe poner orden en uno mismo para poder influir en la familia, que se debe poner orden en la propia familia para poder influir en el Estado, es decir, que hay que ir de lo más próximo a lo más lejano. Qiao ha actuado en el ámbito del Estado y en él ha puesto orden, pero, en cambio, en la propia familia reina el mayor desorden. ¿Acaso debe invertirse el método? ¿Cómo podría hacer rectificar a mis dos hermanos?, ¡decídmelo, maestro!». Deng Xi le contestó: «Hace tiempo que lo que me acabas de decir me tenía perplejo, pero no quería ser yo el primero en hablar. ¿Por qué no has corregido a tus hermanos a su debido tiempo, hablándoles de la importancia de cuidar la propia naturaleza vital y atrayéndoles con la superioridad del decoro y la rectitud (li yi)?». Zi Chan siguió el consejo de Deng Xi. Aprovechando un poco de tiempo libre se fue a visitar a sus hermanos y les dijo: «Lo que hace al hombre superior a los animales es la inteligencia, y lo que hace superior a la inteligencia es el decoro y la rectitud. Aquel en quien se den decoro y rectitud alcanzará la fama y un alto cargo. Pero si actúas movido por tus pasiones, si das rienda suelta a caprichos y apetitos, entonces tu naturaleza vital estará en peligro. Prestad oídos a las palabras de Qiao, y si una mañana os arrepentís esa misma tarde tendréis un cargo bien remunerado». Ellos le respondieron: «Todo eso hace mucho que lo sabemos, como tiempo hace también que nuestra elección fue decidida, ¡de qué íbamos a esperar tus palabras para saberlo! La vida es difícil de encontrar y fácil de alcanzar la muerte, ¿a quién se le puede ocurrir esperar una muerte fácil de alcanzar mientras posee una vida difícil de encontrar? Y eso de apuntar a la superioridad del decoro y la rectitud para brillar entre los hombres, y de refrenar las pasiones naturales en aras de la fama, eso para nosotros es comparable a la muerte. Lo que deseamos es agotar las alegrías de la vida, apurar todos los posibles goces de estos años. Sólo nos preocupa la posibilidad de no poder degustar un buen vino por culpa de un estómago desgastado o de ser incapaces de disfrutar plenamente de las mujeres porque las fuerzas no llegan. Nuestra mala reputación no nos importa ni aflige, ni tampoco el peligro que pueda correr nuestra naturaleza vital. Tú puedes vanagloriarte de tu capacidad para gobernar el Estado, y pretendes con tus discursos turbar nuestro corazón, y atraer nuestra voluntad con el señuelo de gloria y cargos bien remunerados. ¡Cuán rastrero y lamentable proceder! Querernos polemizar también nosotros contigo. Hay quien es hábil para gobernar lo exterior, pero a veces las cosas no se dejan ordenar y él penará por ello. Otros son hábiles para gobernar lo interior (la propia persona), y no por ello las cosas van a caer en el caos, por lo que su naturaleza hallará satisfacción. Tu forma de gobernar lo exterior puede resultar durante un tiempo en el Estado, pero no armoniza con el corazón de los hombres. Nuestro gobierno de la propia persona si se aplicara en el mundo entero desaparecerían los señores y vasallos. Nosotros pensábamos exponerte estos puntos de vista para sacarte del error, y resulta al revés, ¡que eres tú quien nos viene a instruir con esas otras teorías!». Zi Chan, desconcertado, no supo qué responder. Al día siguiente le relató la conversación a Deng Xi. Éste le dijo: «Vivís con zhen ren (hombres auténticos) y no os percatáis de ello. ¿Quién dice que sois inteligente? El orden que reina en Zheng es pura casualidad, en absoluto mérito vuestro». (Yang Zhu, 8)

Cumple tus deseos mientras llega la muerte. Y cuando vayas a morir compórtate igual, sigue el proceso natural y abandónate al no ser. No hay nada que valga la pena, nada que no puedas dejar pasar. ¿A qué, pues, hablar de pronto o tarde en ese espacio intermedio que es la vida del hombre? (Yang Zhu, 10)

Sólo cuando las canas adornen tu cabeza podrás hablar del dao sin error y, con mayor razón, practicarlo. (Shuo Fu: Descifrar el mensaje, 5)

El duque Bai no llegó a comprender a Confucio, y así fue como un día murió en el baño. (Shuo Fu: Descifrar el mensaje, 12)

El duque Mu, enojado, llamó a Bo Yue y le dijo: «¡Un verdadero desastre! Vuestro recomendado para buscar caballos ni siquiera sabe distinguir el color del pelaje o el sexo del animal, ¿cómo va a poder descubrir un caballo superior?» Bo Yue suspiró profundamente y dijo al duque: «¡Hasta ese punto ha llegado! Es la prueba de que su talento es infinitamente superior al mío. Lo que Gao observa es la naturaleza de los seres: capta su esencia y prescinde de sus accidentes, estudia el fondo y prescinde del exterior. Sólo mira lo que debe mirar y no mira lo que no debe mirar. Sólo observa lo que tiene que observar y deja a un lado lo que no tiene que observar. Ese método de Gao para observar las cosas es mucho más importante que el simple arte de descubrir buenos caballos». Llegó el caballo y, en efecto, era un caballo superior. (Shuo Fu: Descifrar el mensaje, 16)

Yu era uno de los hombres más ricos de Liang. Su casa nadaba en la abundancia: oro y ricas telas, así como objetos de gran valor en cantidad incalculable. Un día dio una fiesta en su mansión, situada en la calle principal. Músicos y vino, y en el piso superior se organizó una partida de dados. En el momento en que pasaba por la calle un grupo de espadachines, en el piso superior un jugador al lanzar los dados y ganar la partida rompió a reír y, al mismo tiempo, un milano que volaba sobre la calle dejó caer una rata muerta que alcanzó a los espadachines. Éstos comentaron entre sí: «Dura ya mucho tiempo la riqueza y la alegría de Yu, quien, encima, se muestra despectivo con los demás. ¡Nunca le hemos ofendido y ahora él nos humilla con esta rata podrida! Si no vengamos esta ofensa, nadie en el mundo nos tendrá por valientes. Unamos nuestras fuerzas y nuestras voluntades y con todos nuestros camaradas podremos, sin lugar a dudas, destruir la casa de Yu». Todos los miembros del grupo estuvieron de acuerdo. Llegada la noche del día señalado se reunió un gran número de hombres armados y asaltaron la mansión de Yu. Quedó totalmente destruida. (Shuo Fu: Descifrar el mensaje, 21)

Considerar la acción de dar de comer como un acto de bandidaje porque procede de un bandido es perder el sentido de la diferencia entre nombre y realidad. (Shuo Fu: Descifrar el mensaje, 22)
This entire review has been hidden because of spoilers.
Profile Image for Benjamin Stahl.
2,262 reviews69 followers
April 14, 2022
I didn't resonate with this pretentious rubbish at all. I'm afraid I just don't seem to get what people love so much about Eastern spirituality. Of course, I am too imbued with a Christian mindset to find much appeal in the "happy" nihilism of Buddhism and Taoism as far as I understand them. But maybe I've also just not found the right book yet, as so far it all just strikes me as spiritually vapid, lacking the raw understanding of what it truly means to be human, wilfully declining to recognise our fallen nature and so pierce the inner turmoil wherein we can only surrender ourselves to God and cling to what He has promised us. Christianity, with all its apparent contradictions and incompatibilities with nature, feels more real, more human, more in tune with our innate fears and worries. Taoism, on the other hand, is ultimately a hollow proposition that nothing matters and so one need not care about anything, but instead should just experience life free of any attachments (one example has a wise man stoically unmoved after the death of his beloved child), and then die and be forgotten.

Not my cup of tea, mate.
Profile Image for Quicksilver Quill.
117 reviews2 followers
June 11, 2016
The Book of Master Lie is a nice translation of the Lieh Tzu, one of the classic Taoist texts. This is a fun book full of Taoist principles and wisdom, and there is much to learn and enjoy here.

Although it can be a bit esoteric and difficult to understand at times, this is still a thought-provoking read if you are in the right frame of mind. Humorous touches and bits of sagacious advice open the doors to spiritual exploration and self-reflection.

If you are interested in learning more about Taoism and Chinese philosophy, you’ll probably enjoy exploring this text with its many interesting parables and poetic flights of fancy. However, because of its hidden meanings and esotericism, you might also find it handy to seek out a book that offers further interpretation of these teachings. I found Tao: The Pathless Path by Osho to be very helpful in this regard.
Profile Image for Bob.
101 reviews5 followers
December 28, 2014
The book's subtitle sums it up best. It's a collection of very short stories meant to illuminate the Taoist way of thinking as it applies in everyday situations. The anecdotes are often charming and always thought-provoking. A very good follow-up to the Tao Te Ching in any would-be Taoist's reading program. I digested this one in small snippets over the course of many days. That still seems the perfect way of approaching this work, as it gave me plenty of time for ruminating on what I'd just read. And some of the stories definitely will stick with you. The translation may or may not be literal (see the Introduction), but it's certainly accessible. Highly recommended. Now on to the Chuang Tzu!
4 reviews1 follower
July 8, 2008
I loved the shorts stories about Lieh-Tzu. A practical application of Taoist theory which I gained hope and information from.
Author 5 books4 followers
June 26, 2010
A slightly disappointing book. Some good knowledge in spots, but not nearly as "Taoist" as I was expecting. Definitely not up to Chuang Tzu or even Lao Tzu.
3 reviews
Read
July 14, 2009
an awesome book that talks about the values to Taoism, it's relgion and philosophy through Lieh-Tzu's journey toward enlightenment.
464 reviews1 follower
June 26, 2011
The Daoist philosophy of following nature ("the way") and respecting the unknown / what is beyond comprehension is logical but does not provide a depth of insight.
Profile Image for Felix Terkhorn.
12 reviews1 follower
May 11, 2013
The most accessible of the Taoist classics. Wong's translation uses contemporary English, while presumably retaining the spirit of the original work.
Profile Image for for-much-deliberation  ....
2,689 reviews
July 20, 2013
A collection of 'wisdom writings' presenting teachings on varied elements of life, and expressed in a sort of parable-like or short story form by a philosopher by the same name of Lieh-Tzu...
Profile Image for Ross Cohen.
417 reviews15 followers
November 28, 2022
An eclectic mix of humorous and enlightening Taoist stories.
Profile Image for M.
199 reviews28 followers
February 24, 2020
Some parts excellent, other parts so so
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