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Modernism: A Literature in Crisis

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An engaging, approachable introduction to literary modernism
 
Modernism represented an astonishing outbreak of cultural innovation, spanning artforms and nations. It was centred around feelings of growing alienation in an industrial world, and a desire to change how people live together in society. Art, architecture, literature, and music all underwent a radical revolution.
 
Although it was confined to small coteries of artists and lasted no more than thirty years, its techniques were appropriated by mass culture and became familiar to millions of citizens who have never heard of Paul Klee or Gertrude Stein. It represents one of the most productive moments in art since the Renaissance, which in its scope, originality, and imaginative audacity has never been equalled.
 
Terry Eagleton presents a compelling and entertaining guide to modernism. From Ezra Pound to Virginia Woolf, James Joyce to H.D., Eagleton explores the literature and ideas of prominent modernists, emphasising the profound impact they had on subsequent generations.

208 pages, Hardcover

Published September 30, 2025

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About the author

Terry Eagleton

177 books1,327 followers
Widely regarded as England's most influential living literary critic & theorist, Dr. Terry Eagleton currently serves as Distinguished Professor of English Literature at the University of Lancaster and as Visiting Professor at the National University of Ireland, Galway. He was Thomas Warton Prof. of English Literature at the University of Oxford ('92-01) & John Edward Taylor Professor of English Literature at the University of Manchester 'til '08. He returned to the University of Notre Dame in the Autumn '09 semester as Distinguished Visitor in the English Department.

He's written over 40 books, including Literary Theory: An Introduction ('83); The Ideology of the Aesthetic ('90) & The Illusions of Postmodernism ('96).
He delivered Yale's '08 Terry Lectures and gave a Gifford Lecture in 3/10, titled The God Debate.

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Displaying 1 - 12 of 12 reviews
Profile Image for J TC.
258 reviews26 followers
August 25, 2026
Um ensaio sobre o modernismo. Já tinha lido de Terry Eagleton um ensaio anterior sobre o “Mal” e já na altura tinha ficado fascinado com o nível de cultura do autor. Superior.
E o “Modernismo” não desilude. É uma robusta e competente viagem a uma destacada corrente cultural do século XX que tão importantes obras legou. Centrando-se essencialmente na literatura descreve-nos as suas várias correntes e variantes e analisa algumas destas obras, ainda que superficialmente como seria de esperar num ensaio.
Modernismo, um ensaio importante para quem quiser compreender a génese do pensamento ocidental do nosso tempo.
Modernismo, um livro a ler, mas seguramente também a reler.
Profile Image for W.S. Luk.
585 reviews7 followers
September 13, 2025
This survey of literary modernism tackles the ever-frustrating question of how to define a famously evasive and historically indefinite movement, drawing together an international selection of modernists from its iconic English and American proponents (Woolf, Eliot, Stein, Pound, and co.) alongside counterparts in Russia, France, and Germany to explore the central concerns that define modernist writing. This broader scope means that Eagleton devotes less time to close readings of individual texts (aside from some welcome and insightful analysis of Joseph Conrad's THE SECRET AGENT and its perspectives on mass culture versus revolution), but does approach the ideological gradations between different modernists in a satisfyingly nuanced manner. A particular pleasure of this book is how Eagleton's sense of wit enlivens what is otherwise a densely academic topic: I especially enjoyed his comment that "A caricature of the typical modernist writer, then, would be one who writes a sentence, stares at it intently for an hour or two, puts in a semi-colon, stares at it again for the rest of the morning and then takes it out again just before lunch". For anyone wishing to gain a contextual understanding of the modernist movement, Eagleton's book is a thoroughly informative and approachable starting point.
Profile Image for Jennifer C.
7 reviews
December 29, 2025
Modernism is a term that invites a certain precarity; how does one define such a diversified movement? This book provides a solid foundation – ranging from the early realism of Conrad and Pound’s ‘make it new’ to the traditionalism of Eliot and radical experimentation of Woolf and Joyce.

What made this a particularly compelling re-read was Eagleton's acerbic, almost mocking tone toward the movement. He brilliantly deflates the ‘heroic’ pretensions of High Modernism, noting that many writers thickened their language to demand a level of attentiveness that readers ‘would be unlikely to lavish on a bus ticket.’ He highlights the irony at the heart of the crisis Modernists felt: they wanted to capture reality, but felt its true meaning could only be found by dismantling it or making it ‘difficult.’
Profile Image for Ratko Radunović.
89 reviews7 followers
July 24, 2026
(4+)

„Krem karamela lako padne, ali ne i Paundov Kantos.“

Za Igltona je modernizam otpočetka bio neka vrsta aberacije i razloga za lament, puka forma gotovo lišena sadržine. U Iluzijama postmodernizma (1996), knjizi o možda i većoj antiistorijskoj abominaciji, ustanovio je da postmodernizam, za razliku recimo od socijalističke teorije (koja će navodno biti sretna da ugine zajedno sa kapitalom), ne može doći do svojeg kraja zato jer on, u sopstvenim očima, nije „istorijska etapa“, već funkcioniše kao virus na sve te taksonomske misli i traje otkako je svijeta i vijeka (Iglton za primjer uzima sjajnu konstataciju da postmodernizam razotkriva da je kralj gô tek kada pogleda u kralja). Samim tim, postmodernizam je u jednu ruku i negacija modernizma, ogoljavanje njegovih mitskih pretenzija. Isto tako je fašizam, prema Igltonu, čistokrvna modernistička tvorevina.

On citira Lukača kad je u pitanju rođenje tog katkada i neodredivog esteticizma: 1848, godinu evropskih pobuna, datum koji, prema Lukačevom viđenju, obilježava veliku prekretnicu između herojske, revolucionarne faze u srednjoj klasi i njene naknadne regresije u iracionalnost i političku reakciju.

Kao i većini marksista, Igltonov problem sa modernizmom je što naizgled negira pojam o ljudskoj jednakosti zajedno sa idejom o istorijskom napretku, ali mu je, s druge strane, shvatljivo njegovo rađanje među francuskom dekadencijom, kao i u zemljama trećeg svijeta, poput Irske na početku 20. vijeka, prevashodno kod Džojsa i u čovjekovom naizgled namjerno kompleksnom i raznovrsnom izrazu o banalnostima svakodnevnog života u svojevrsnom umjetničkom kultu („čija se sjena i danas nadvija nad kompjuterskim tastaturama svih irskih pisaca“).

Na Uliks može da se gleda i kao na satiru na opterećenost engleskog naturalističkog romana da potrefi tačan opis boje ljiljana u cvatu zbog čega ga je Virdžinija Vulf, sa prenaglašenim snobizmom, iskritikovala kao rad „osjetljivog dodiplomca koji češe svoje bubuljke“. Jer je Džojs ipak bio kolonijalni autsajder; samo je pribjegao onome što je u sebi najčešće i sadržavala irska književnost, izlive batosa kroz svakodnevno i ezoteričko, dakle ne baš referentne tačke u engleskoj književnosti.

No, s vremenom, svakodnevno iskustvo više nije podobno za artističku svrhu tako da ono mora biti pročišćeno, ironizovano, intenzivirano ili urolano u krizu, dok sam jezik postaje nadasve perfidan: on više ne pruža bilo kakav pristup stvarnosti. Žan-Pol Sartr u „Šta je literatura?“ navodi da pisac više ne želi da bude shvaćen. Samim tim, jedan način na koji modernističko djelo može da se odupre sramoti komodifikacije jeste tako što će postati nepristupačno većini ljudi. To jest, ono što tjera određeni dio modernističke umjetnosti da se razvija i da eksperimentiše jeste upravo taj jetki i omalovažavajući stav prema ustaljenom životu. Većina njene imaginativne sposobnosti i duhovne dubine zapravo su ukorijenjene u fundamentalnoj ozlojeđenosti prema pučkoj svakodnevnici.

„Niko nije u 18. vijeku, ili tokom viktorijanskog perioda, razmišljao o takvim ubjeđenjima (da jezik postoji da bi se svako malo ratosiljavao svojeg izvornog značenja), međutim, modernizam tu krhkost jezika, neuhvatljivost istine i neprozirnost stvarnosti uzima kao univerzalne aksiome. Postoji nešto ekstremističko u ovakvoj viziji stanja stvari...“

Za Igltona je većina ove umjetnosti uglavnom bazirana na raskidanju veze sa cjelokupnom prethodnom istorijom, a šta riječ „moderan“ u nazivu treba valjda da etiketira. Dadaisti su u svojim nadrealnim performansima, u opozivu svega što im je prethodilo, pravili parodije od proteklog umjetničkog svijeta. Na isti način, Iglton uzima Konradov roman Tajni agent za alegoriju na modernističkog umjetnika, čiji junak – inače, anarhista – bombom želi da završi sa cijelim svijetom i pokrene novi.

A tu je i pitanje da li je „modernizam“ jedan period ili nešto drugo. Iglton misli da, ako modernost sebe ne može jednostavno da doživi kao jedan istorijski period među brojnim drugim – za njega je taj termin više deskriptivan nego što sadrži temporalnu notu – to je zato što sebe želi da izjednači sa nasljeđem koje pokušava da urniše i omogući nastanak novog – recimo poput jezika. Ipak, nije samo u pitanju gnušanje elite za takozvanom petparačkom fikcijom i senzacionalističkim novinarstvom. Modernistička mržnja prema masovnoj čitalačkoj publici prije svega odražava svojevrsnu anksioznost prema kondiciji samog jezika. Jer je jezik ono što neko književno djelo veže za društvo u cjelini; a ako se osjeća da je kvalitet društvene egzistencije time osjetno pojeftinjen, tvrdi Iglton, onda će se to prikazati u verbalnoj teksturi djela nekog autora.

Henri Džejms proaktivno proglašava da je predmet romana ili neke slike nebitan. Ono što je bitno nije sadržaj, već način izvedbe (ili „zaprška“, kako je jednom prilikom imenovao, u smislu, „postoji samo jedan recept – a to je najviše se starati o zapršci“). Drugim riječima, retorika je javna, ali je stil ličan – Iglton to naziva „duhovnim DNK koji ne može biti proizveden mehanički.“

Istina je da su brojne karakteristike modernističkog pisanja puke reakcije na metode masovne literature. To uključuje njegov formalizam, minimalizam, dubinu, disonantnost, opskurnost, bezličnost, nepragmatičnu prirodu, neprilagođenost čitaocima, polaganje prava na permanentnu vrijednost i verbalnu samosvijest. Novine i masovna popularna literatura, obično vezana za radni svijet, strijemi prenošenju informacija. A kad se to raspojasalo sredinom, a naročito krajem 19. vijeka u Engleskoj preko filma, bioskopa, radija, novina i telegrafa, ta tehnološka proliferacija nipošto nije odgovarala književnim modernistima. Shodno tome, od modernističkog djela načinjen je samostojeći objekat, nepovjerljiv prema spontanoj i momentalnoj komunikaciji.

Iglton ne pominje posthumno objavljeni esej „Middlebrow“ Virdžinije Vulf, gdje ona popuje o dobroj literaturi. Na tom mjestu autore „middlebrow“ književnosti (sredina između tzv. visoke i popularne literature) označava kao skorojeviće (arrivistes) koji strijeme naviše, samo lišene poimanja elita šta zapravo sačinjava estesku vrijednost. Ironično, ona je „lowbrow“ kulturu (ono što bismo mi nazvali palpom i eskapizmom) u teoriji cijenila daleko više od „middlebrow“-a baš zbog svoje krepkosti i iskrenosti u pogledu toga što ona nije pretendovala da se bavi umjetnošću.

Saglašavali se s njim ili ne, Iglton je, kao i Frojd, ali i Džon Grej, u najmanju ruku milina za čitanje. Po onome što je do ovog trenutka pisao o modernizmu, prevashodno u isječcima kroz druge svoje nevelike knjige, ova bi možda trebala da bude njegov magnum opus? Zašto da ne? Fin pratilac ovom djelu može biti What Good Are the Arts? Džona Kerija.
Profile Image for Debbie.
Author 17 books24 followers
January 27, 2026
Modernism, A Literature in Crisis, piqued my interest after reading its review in WSJ. In 2026, I plan to explore modernism in literature, visual arts, and architecture. This book seemed a good fit. And though the book made some references to specific works of literature and a smattering of visual artworks, it was a bust. Its thesis is murky, the writing is pompous, and it doesn’t describe why modernist literature is in “crisis,” as the title implies.

The author outlines in chapter one that modernism emerged from a “historical crisis of immense proportions,” specifically imperialist powers, WWI, a capitalist system, economic depression, elitist sensibilities, and the destabilization of new technologies. This appears to be Eagleton’s thesis, which he continues to build throughout the short book.

“Modernism is also typically the art of the coteries, one ambiguously suspended between an elite and a vanguard, and Irish modernism found such a group ready to hand in the Anglo-Irish intelligentsia” (p 53).

“The Professor’s disdain for the masses, typical of certain strains of modernism, would seem here to merge with that of the author’s own” (p. 36).

“Abstraction is thus itself a form of politics, of however a negative kind. Yet we have seen already that the commodity, too, is a kind of abstraction, so that abstract art colludes with the sphere of capitalist production in the act of fending it off” (p. 105).

This last quote about abstract art struck me as funny. I’ve read a good deal about artists of Abstraction; many, like Jackson Pollock and his wife Lee Krasner, were living hand-to-mouth for years, constantly seeking buyers for Jackson’s art, even after Peggy Guggenheim commissioned Pollock to complete a mural, which subsequently launched his career. Pollock and Krasner were more concerned about putting food on the table via sales of Pollock’s art than making political statements.

I slogged through the book (reluctantly) and persevered; I reasoned that i) the book was short, and ii) I could be swayed by the author’s arguments. At the book's conclusion, I didn't come around to the author’s thesis and found myself vehemently disagreeing with his premise. I suggest, in contrast to Eagleton, that modernism be framed as emerging during the developments (mentioned above) at the turn of the century and during WWI rather than caused by them.

Works in the category of modernism, I’ve decided, are best understood by reading the works, viewing the artworks and learning about the artists who created them.
Profile Image for Hugo Lefebvre.
36 reviews
June 30, 2026
This was a wonderful read. Eagleton gracefully wanders through different writers and currents without ever quite losing the plot. Modernism is hard to define, and the author tries his best to give a convincing account of it, with quite a bit of success.

In short, « [m]odernism represents among other things a search for an alternative kind of rationality, in an age where the prevailing versions of reason seem to have calamitously failed ». This is the quite conventional and expected conclusion he arrives at. However, this doesn’t solve the question as to why some submit art to politics (and become revolutionaries and the likes) while others submit politics to art (mostly the reactionaries and fascists, with some exceptions). For Eagleton, in the end, it’s a reflection of the contradictions of capitalism, some turning the base against the superstructure while others do the opposite. Eagleton also explains that modenism was born out of this weird period where the aristocracy still enjoyed their old power in the new capitalist society, and the impact this had on some writers in the vein of Pound and Elliot.

My only issue with the book is that Eagleton has this habit, typical among established literary critics, of asserting interesting ideas and justifying them vaguely and unconvincingly with only one or two interesting facts. But he writes so well that I forgive him.
901 reviews9 followers
June 21, 2026
Modernism: A Literature in Crisis is an engaging and insightful introduction to the literary and cultural movement that transformed twentieth-century artistic expression.

Terry Eagleton combines clarity, historical context, and critical insight to explain how modernist writers responded to profound social and cultural upheavals. Through discussions of influential figures such as Virginia Woolf, James Joyce, Ezra Pound, and H.D., the book demonstrates both the intellectual ambition and lasting significance of modernist experimentation. Accessible yet substantial, it serves as an excellent guide for readers seeking to understand the ideas, innovations, and cultural impact of modernism.

Overall, it’s a valuable read for anyone interested in literary criticism, modernist literature, cultural history, intellectual history, comparative literature, aesthetics, philosophy, English literature, humanities scholarship, and the development of modern culture and artistic thought.
Profile Image for Charis.
Author 5 books10 followers
August 17, 2025
I picked this up in a bookstore the other day where it had been put out by accident -- thank you to the clerk who still was willing to sell it to me, a few days earlier than the release!

This is a fantastic read. It felt like attending a spirited, engaging lecture. I also appreciated the dry humour that was evident throughout. Modernism's manifesto sometimes feels like it should be 'make it difficult', not 'make it new', but this book was clear and lighthearted, without simplifying the topic.

Already on the read again pile.
Profile Image for Ivan Pelley.
80 reviews
March 20, 2026
One of the best to ever do it; best outline of modernism and its vague incongruencies and beauties that I have yet encountered.
Profile Image for Brian Hanson.
391 reviews9 followers
May 12, 2026
As ever with Eagleton, a tightly argued and revelatory volume, which has much to add to one's perception of what the phenomenon of modernism consists of.
Profile Image for figuratifspiker.
100 reviews4 followers
December 19, 2025
insanın yurt dışında yaşayan arkadaşlarının olması müthiş bir olay. sayelerinde nispeten yeni bu esere erişebildim.

modernizm, onunla karşılaştığımdan beri aklımı kurcalayan bir kavram çünkü belli yazarlar için (Joyce, Proust, Woolf, Musil, Döblin vs.vs.) sıklıkla kullanıldığına rastlasam da, belki derinlemesine araştırmadığım için, derli toplu bir tanımdan yoksun görünen bir kavramdı benim için. orada Eagleton yardımıma yetişti.

işin aslı, daha hacimli, sistematiğini daha derinlerde kuran bir eser beklemiş ve istemiştim; sanki Eagleton, belki eserin daha geniş kitlelere ulaşması için biçemi denemeye daha yakın bir yerde tutmuş. edebiyata giriş üzerine yazdığı kitap kadar derinlere yayılan bir çalışma değil; nesnelerini yakın okumaya tabi de tutmuyor. bir anlamda, meseleye daha geniş bir perspektiften bakabilmek için nesneleriyle hatırı sayılır bir mesafe bıraktığını sezdiriyor ki bu anlaşılabilir bir tutum. ayrıca, benim gibi, bu konu üzerinde giriş seviyesinde -hangi yazarın modernist olduğunu bilecek denli- bir müktesebata sahipseniz son derece doyurucu bir eser.

evvela Eagletonın modernizm okuması krizden ayrılmıyor; krizde köklendiğini iddia ediyor onun.

One might claim that limanını pek sevdiğini fark ettirerek yaptığı iddiaların pek çoğu hakikaten zihin açıcı. ilk bölümde şöyle demiş mesela:

One might claim that in that respect literary modernism proper is born when the forces of social disintegration begin to invade the very forms of artistic work—(s 8-9)


bir yazarın postmodernist mi modernist mi olduğunu söylemenin zorluğu onun da dikkatini çekmiş; bazı nitelikleri (ör. ironi) paylaştıkları için kolay değil bu. yine de kendisi, modernizmin politetik (ilineklerinden her birini içerebilen ama bu ilineklerden hiçbirinin onu tanımlamak için zorunlu [essential] olmadığı) bir kavram olduğu konusunda beni ikna etmeyi başardı.

modernizmin bir anlamda bir isyan, realizmden bir kopuş olduğu, bu bağlamdaki inovatif yanı, bir gediğin etrafında dönendiği, rahatsız edici bir boşlukta [void] temerküz ettiği, onu tarihsel bir dönem olarak kavramanın tehlikelerini, şimdi ile, tarihle, şehirle, Avrupa burjuvazisiyle, modernizasyonla olan bağlantılarını/dertlerini ilk bölümde güzelce ortaya koymuş.

çoğu zaman birlikte okunan, hatta eş anlamlılarmışçasına değişmeli kullanılan avangartla modernizmi ayırmak için yola çıktığı dördüncü bölüm en ilginç olanıydı benim için. vaktiyle Nevzat Kayanın "iyi romanlar sağcılardan çıkar" diye aklımda kalmış, gidiş yolu epey arızalı görünen o argümana bir cevap olarak dahi okumak mümkündü. bunu bir iyi-roman-kötü-roman meselesi olarak basitleştirmeyerek şöyle bir tespitte bulunmuş:

When it comes to the politics of modernism, the avant-garde can usually be found on the political left, while an embarrassingly large number of modernists adhere to the political right. Yet the contrast is far from absolute. (s 165)


altını çizdiğim tüm yerleri burada zapt etmeye kalkarsam işim iş. muhtemelen tekrar tekrar ziyaret edeceğim, daha düşük bir ihtimalle de olsa muhtemelen üzerine bir inceleme yazacağım bir eser olduğunu da ekleyeyim. yapısalcılık, postyapısalcılık, postmodernizm ve metamodernizm okumalarına başlamadan önce iyi oldu. meraklısına tavsiye—
Displaying 1 - 12 of 12 reviews