"One of the agonies in researching crime in this period is that so much of the historical record has not survived. Many records have simply been lost or destroyed, others thrown away in the name of bureaucratic efficiency, a few have been stolen, and many yet remain undiscovered in the dark recesses of archives and libraries. From what small pieces we have, there are to be found amazing stories of the lives and deaths of people that at once seem so distant and yet so familiar."
3,5/5!
Blessin Adams's Great and Horrible News details nine criminal cases from Early Modern Britain (around 1500 to 1700). She explores the case itself - what happened, who did it, why did it happen and how was it dealt with - but she also uses these crimes to explore different major societal issues of the time, such as religious tensions, the status of unmarried mothers and poverty.
Great and Horrible News was a really easy-to-read look at historical cases of murder, mayhem and crime, and I think Adams did, overall, a good job of using these cases to look at the larger issues behind them. This is not a book that just revels in the gore and the violence, but attempts to get the reader to think about different issues as well as how this fascination with true crime is something that unites us with the people of the past. It seems humans have always been drawn to crime cases – the phenomenon of true crime is not modern at all. We have also seemed to always have had a tendency to focus more on the killer, nearly forgetting the life that was lost in the making of that killer – the case of Nathaniel Butler, the murderer of John Knight, is a good example of this. My biggest complains would be that I wished that the book had been a bit more analytical (I would've loved a bit more contextualisation and going deeper with the analysis, but I also understand that this book is not about that, but about offering an easy-to-understand look into the past and how they dealt with violent crime) and that there had been more direct quotations from the sources Adams referenced, such as court transcripts, songs, plays, newsletters and pamphlets.
Adams did a great job showcasing how, in some ways, people have not changed but how the world has also changed so much since the early modern period. You can recognise a lot about these stories - emotions, familial dynamics and so on - but you are also, often, left absolutely baffled as to how these people could truly think or act the way they did. Single mothers and having a baby out of wedlock are quite normal today, but back in the day, unwed mothers were treated as human garbage and could be subjected to carnal punishment, such as whippings, and public humiliations. If they had no one to turn to, the parish could help them, but the law demanded that every mother whose bastard was cared for by the parish had to spend a year in a "house of correction". It did not matter if a woman had been sexually assaulted, the fault was hers (never the father's) and her reputation was in tatters. The story of Elizabeth, a young maid assaulted by her master and then kicked out when her pregnancy became known, was a sad one, as was the tale of Anne, a young maid who had had a miscarriage and had been charged with infanticide, because she had covered up the remains of her hardly developed infant, which, in the eyes of law, was hiding a body (Anne survived her hanging and lived the rest of her life as a kind of celebrity for it - probably a very traumatised one). The idea of people in their thousands flocking to see a public execution - even buying access to windows in nearby buildings for a better view - may seem alien to us but it was popular entertainment. And in terms of legal proceedings, well, so much was absolutely bonkers and, in our eyes, highly unjust. Richard Hunne, a Lollard who was either murdered or accidentally killed during torture, by the Church's men, was tried with treason when he was already dead: his body was charged, tried and sentenced to be burnt at the stake. Adams did a good job showcasing how different facets of society - class, gender dynamics, religion, wealth, heritage and so on - were tied together and how they all impacted the way people were treated in the eyes of the law.
One of the most striking aspects of the book, for me, was getting to know how people in the early modern period thought of suicide. Suicide was seen as the ultimate crime against god, a sign of profound moral failure and not a tragedy born out of loss, emotional anguish or mental illness, but a crime, a murder. People who had taken their lives could be tried, after their deaths, of murdering themselves. Suicide was also seen as something that could bring bad luck to a community, and it brought shame to the entire family, not just the person who died. The bodies of people who took their own lives could be dragged through the streets, they were denied proper burial (marks were left on their graves so everyone knew this person was "not worthy of grieving") and the church denied them their blessings and prayers. In a highly religious time, this was truly traumatising and frightening for the ones left behind. But oh, it gets worse. There was a law that demanded that everything the person who had killed themselves had owned - everything from house to livestock to spoons - would be claimed by the state, forcing their family to immediate, acute poverty. This led to people desperate actions, such as hiding their belongings and, like in the case of Francis, a man who most likely killed himself, mutilating the bodies of suicide victims to make it look like they had been killed. Francis's family brutalised his corpse and while this is an insidious, horrible idea, you have to understand how desperate those people were. Even their neighbours and friends helped them cover up the suicide, because even though people saw it as a huge crime against god, people loathed the unjust law that targeted the deceased person's loved ones even more. I like how, in the case of Francis, Adams stated that neither Francis, his family or the person who tried to get them convicted of covering up the crime was really at fault here: at fault was the horrible, unjust law and the people who had decreed it. The final story, that of John Temple, showcased also how complex the matter of suicide could be and how, in some occasions, it could be seen as an honourable thing to do, especially in the upper classes. I definitely want to explore and research historical attitudes towards suicide further in the future.
As a gender historian, I was naturally highly intrigued by the cases regarding women. I was already quite aware of just how abysmally unwed mothers were treated and how they were blamed for everything (it always angers me how no one ever seemed to wonder who it was that had gotten the woman in question pregnant...) and treated like shit. But I had never, in detail, read this much about infanticide and how unmarried women were, essentially, always treated as baby-killers if they had had a miscarriage, had birthed a dead baby or had lost their baby to illness soon after birth. The idea was that if a woman was so morally bankrupt as to get pregnant out of wedlock, surely she could just as easily kill their child. It's near unbearable to think about how the law could demonise unmarried women for getting pregnant but also demonise them for "failing" to keep said baby alive or for covering up their "shame". There was no winning for these women. Infanticide was way more common in this time period and it was treated as the ultimate sign of a woman failing to be a proper woman, but no one stopped to think about the societal pressures and problems that often led to people to commit infanticide, such as intense poverty and how there was hardly any support for lonely mothers. It is also baffling how the law can claim to protect the lives of babies but also declare them unfit for proper burial, forcing people to bury them in random fields and without the proper religious ceremonies. Margaret's story - a woman who converted to Catholicism and killed two of her children to "protect" them from sin after their dad refused to convert and let her raise her kids in her faith - was an intriguing look at how people responded to women's violence and how, like it seems to still be today, people resorted to monstering Margaret and depicting her as more animal than human to escape having to deal with the uncomfortable truth that women are capable of violence and cruelty, that women can be complex humans and not just perfect women or horrible beasts. I get that it is easier to think that a woman who killed the kids she loved a lot must be simply mad or a monster pretending to be a human, but the truth is, people are capable of all kinds of contradictory acts. Margaret's actions were also blamed on the big boogeyman of the time, the Catholic Church, and she was depicted as the hapless victim of their manipulations and corruption. Anything but see her as a human who did something terrible but perhaps also still loved her children. The case of the murderous midwife Mary Compton was an interesting look at the role of midwives in this time period – they were one of the few respectable professions for women and they were trusted and respected as upstanding examples of womanhood in their communities. They were also often heard in court as experts on matters relating to infants, the female body and sexual violence.
Finally, I wanna mention a few things about religion. This was a deeply religious time but also a time of constant religious upheaval in Britain. There was the Reformation and then constant tensions between Catholics and Protestants. Religion was imbedded in everything, including the justice system. I liked how Adams explored, for example, the importance of proper burial and how denying this for some people was a truly horrifying and frightening threat, and the role of priests and religious "guidance" for people condemned to death. Adams wrote about how, of course, some priests truly wanted to give support, comfort and aid to those near death, such as Nathaniel Butler, who became devout in his final weeks after killing his friend for money. But she also emphasised how aiding people and getting notorious criminals to repent, confess and seek spiritual aid in their final moments was a propaganda victory for the church. If a killer can find God and be forgiven, you can too. Stories of people like Nathaniel or Margaret, who renounced her actions and declared she had been a fool to do what she did after weeks of holding on to her Catholic faith, were seen as examples of God's power. Reading about the was the Church attempted to help people near death, and then reading about how the Church was allowed to torture people and how a Bishop had a murder room, left me, well, feeling quite contradicted. It was uncomfortable reading just how much religion dictated the court's actions and how poorly people of different faiths were treated – but understanding the weight of religion is key to understanding many historical time periods.
I would recommend this book to anyone interested in criminal history and true crime, as well as people who wanna learn more about gender history, class history and religious history. I will definitely be picking up Blessin Adams's other book in the future.
Here are some interesting facts I learned:
- Silk merchants were, in the 1600s, considered some of the fanciest and richest merchants.
- Suicide was a crime in England until 1961 (appalling, I know).
- The most severe punishment preserved for people like those convicted of treason – hanging, drawing and quartering - also included placing body parts of the convicted felon on show in places like their home streets as a warning sign and further humiliation. What a truly horrifying way of psychologically tormenting people and especially the family of the deceased.
- Early modern people were obsessed with true crime, much like we are today, and for example court transcripts sold like hot cakes.
- The trial of Spencer Cowper, charged with the murder of Sarah Stout, was the first trial in England where forensic, pathological evidence was used extensively, medical professionals stepped up as major players, experts did experiments to prove their point (horrifyingly, these drowning experiments were done on dogs...) and so on: this trial changed legal proceedings!
- Sarah Stout's case became a sensation and intrigued armchair detectives all over early modern Britain – did she commit suicide, or was she killed? If it wasn't Spencer, as the court judged, who was it?
- Lollards were pre-reformation people who wanted to modernise the English Catholic church, make the Bible available in English and so on. They were seen as dangerous heretics and many were even burned at the stake.
- The Church was legally allowed to torture people during interrogation as long as they did not draw blood - as if you couldn't cause horrifying or deadly harm to someone without shedding blood. The Bishop in the story of Richard Hunne, the Lollard who was killed, had a murder/torture room.
- The wherrymen of the Thames passed on their knowledge within families and were very proud of their role in London. In 1598 it was estimated that around 2000 wherryboats travelled the Thames and that 3000 people were employed in the wherrybusiness.
- If a person's killer was unknown, they were called, in official documents, John Atstyle.
- The Court of the Star Chamber was a notorious court who sentenced without a jury, unbeholden by regular court customs. Their punishments included whippings, maiming and so on.
- Miles Sindercome and his allies failed to kill Oliver Cromwell six times – they truly were near hilariously bad at being assassins.