A really good, well-researched, and amply illustrated history of lighthouses in the United States, including the development of lighthouse technology and architecture and the saga of individual lighthouses and lighthouse keepers. Writing was never dry and was very informative, the author doing a great job with the more technical aspects of lighthouse technology (particularly the “crown jewels of lighthouse illumination – Fresnel lens”, which are well detailed in the book) and relaying many gripping tales associated with lighthouses and lighthouse keepers.
Excellent organization, with each chapter focusing on specific aspects of lighthouses or a particular period of history as it pertains to lighthouses, all accompanied by numerous black and white illustrations and with color plates in the center of the book. Chapter 1, “Colonial Lights,” covered some general historical aspects of lighthouses (the first known lighthouse in antiquity was Pharos, which lit the entrance to the Greek city of Alexandria, from which we get the name pharology, the scientific study of lighthouses) and some of the history of lighthouses in Colonial America including Boston Lighthouse (America’s first lighthouse, lit on September 14, 1716) and Sandy Hook Lighthouse (lit on June 11, 1764, “the oldest continuously operating lighthouse in the nation”).
Chapter 2, “Casualties of War,” details the roles lighthouses played during the American Revolutionary War, with notable sections on the attacks on the Boston Lighthouse and the Sandy Hook Lighthouse. Chapter 3, “Lights of a New Nation,” is an important chapter detailing a lot of the early history of lighthouses after American independence and also covering many aspects of lighthouse technology. Topics covered include the Lighthouse Act (signed into law August 7, 1789, only the ninth law passed by Congress and “America’s first public works program”), how lighthouses were administered, the evolution over time of how American lighthouses were illuminated (with by the beginning of the nineteenth century sperm whale oil “the illuminant of choice”), the evolution of lighthouse lamps (covering complete with diagrams spider lamps and the Argand lamps backed by parabolic reflectors that replaced them), the role Winslow Lewis played in advancing lamp technology (which the author wrote, while better than what was used before, “Lewis’s lighting apparatus was not very good” and “[h]ad the patent process been more scrupulous, it is doubtful that Lewis’s application [for a “magnifying and reflecting lantern”] would have succeeded”; quite interesting reading), the role of lighthouses in the War of 1812 (particularly the story surrounding the Scituate Lighthouse in Massachusetts).
Chapter 4, “Economy Above All,” focuses a lot on Stephen Pleasonton, who became in 1820 an unofficial “superintendent of lighthouses,” whose tenure played a massive role in lighthouse construction, development, and management in the first half of the nineteenth century (he held his job for thirty-two years), whose management (and partnership with Lewis) as the author showed “didn’t serve the best interests of the nation or the mariners who plied its shores.” Also covered are lighthouses that were built in areas away from New England and the mid-Atlantic states, such as on the Great Lakes, the Gulf Coast, and the Florida Keys. A favorite part of the chapter is the drama associated with the Cape Florida Lighthouse on Key Biscayne, which was not only the first lighthouse in the Florida Keys but also witnessed dramatic events on July 23, 1836 as part of the Second Seminole War.
Chapter 5, “Europeans Take The Lead,” was a diagram-packed chapter on advances in lighthouse illumination technology, with European innovations quickly outclassing “Lewis’s poorly constructed reflectors.” There is an in-depth discussion of enormous advances brought about by the work of the Frenchman Augustin-Jean Fresnel (“pronounced freh-NEL”), with his concept of “lenses by steps” leading to the famed Fresnel lens creating a revolution in lighthouse technology, a technology that as the author details due to Lewis and Pleasonton, the United States was very slow and reluctant to adapt despite many enthusiastic supporters in the US for this new invention. Chapter 6, “The “Rule of Ignorant and Incompetent Men””, was on the long, slow, contentious process of updating American lighthouse technology, with advancements stopped again and again by Pleasonton, “a myopic and narrow-minded bureaucrat at best…too far reliant on the reports of self-serving contractors, which were invariably favorable,” people very much opposed to any innovations or reform. While the previous chapter was largely on science and technology, this was on bureaucratic infighting and politics. One of the biggest opponents of Lewis and his desire to maintain the status quo was William Penn Lewis, (“or IWP, as he liked to be called”), who “it just so happened, was Winslow Lewis’s nephew.”
Chapter 7, “Brighter Lights,” details the reforms brought by the Lighthouse Board (first convened in October 1852), additional advances in and the science of the technology of Fresnel lens (discussing among other things the six sizes or orders of the lenses, based on the distance between the flame and the lens, with the largest the first-order lens, “which were twelve feet tall and six feet in diameter”), the construction of the first lighthouses in Texas and on the Pacific, with quite a bit of time spent on the saga of the Farallon Island Lighthouse on Southeast Farallon Island off the coast of California. Chapter 8, “”Everything Being Recklessly Broken””, details the saga of lighthouses during the Civil War, covering what the South did to the lighthouses in their possession when they left the Union, the saga of the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse (and the associated “Chicamacomico Races”) and damage inflicted on lighthouses, either directly and intentionally or as a result of fighting, such as the Mobile Point Lighthouse in Alabama damaged during the bombardment of Fort Morgan by the Union fleet in 1864.
Chapter 9, “From Board to Service,” discussed the “time of triumph” for the Lighthouse Board following the Civil War as lighthouses were repaired or replaced, new ones were built, and lighthouse administration and technology continued to advance. Topics covered including kerosene becoming dominant while electricity was being experiment with for lighthouse illumination, a small but surprising section on how the Statue of Liberty was at one time intended to also operate as a lighthouse, additional technology advances such as the incandescent oil vapor lamp (or IOV, a “major advance in the burning of kerosene”), improvements in the technology of rotating the lens in lighthouses, advances in lighthouse design and construction such as the use of iron and later steel to build skeleton-tower lighthouses on land and caisson lighthouses at exposed sites out in the water, the science of fog signals, as well as coverage of life in a lighthouse as a keeper and the construction of lighthouses in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Oh and George R. Putnam, appointed the first commissioner of lighthouses by President Taft in June 1910, is an important figure in the chapter.
Chapter 10, “Keepers and Their Lives,” is pretty much like it sounds. You learn about the daily life of “wickies” as far as what they did, the machinery they had to maintain, what it was like to grow up in a lighthouse, about women lighthouse keepers, pets and livestock kept at lighthouses, deadly coworker conflicts that occurred at lighthouses (such as at Whale Rock), threats posed by strangers (such as at Ship Shoal Lighthouse off the Louisiana coast), and the Flying Santa, begun by Capt. William “Bill” H. Wincapaw in 1929, that visited so man lighthouses to spread presents and cheer.
Chapter 11, “Lighthouse Heroes,” details two of the most famous lighthouse keepers who saved lives, Ida Lewis and Marcus A. Hanna, making for gripping reading with two separate sagas. Chapter 12, “Marvels of Engineering and Construction,” detailed the stories of three specific lighthouses that “can truly be considered marvels of engineering and construction,” Minot’s Lighthouse in Massachusetts, Tillamook Rock in Oregon, and St. George’s Reef in northern California, all gripping stories. Chapter 13, “Of Birds and Eggs,” was a surprising chapter, on the history of the interaction between birds and lighthouses, beginning with a section on the collision of migrating birds with lighthouses and closing with the role lighthouse keepers played in bird conservation (particularly of nesting seabirds).
Chapter 14, “Cruel Wind,” details terrible storms that damaged or destroyed lighthouses and what life was like for those that survived, with much of the chapter detailing the lighthouses destroyed or damaged by the Great Hurricane of 1938, which significantly damaged twenty-five New England lighthouses (and destroyed one, Whale Rock). Chapter 15, “The New Keepers,” covers the end of the Lighthouse Service as it got folded into the U.S Coast Guard, the story of automation and the end of crewed lighthouses, the sad story of the Scotch Cap Lighthouse on Unimak Island, Alaska, destroyed by a tsunami on April 1, 1946, the story of the last civilian keeper, Frank Shubert of the Coney Island Lighthouse, and efforts to preserve and restore lighthouses by the government, nonprofit organizations, and private individuals. The epilogue is a tour by the author of significant lighthouses near his Marblehead, Massachusetts home.
There is an extensive section of notes, a select bibliography, and an index.