“Comedy – broadly, historically – is the art of taking serious things not seriously. In the classroom of our culture, for a very long time, comedians have been placed in the back, cracking jokes at everything in front of them. Comedians were our society’s ombudsmen, our official bullsh--t callers. And, as time as gone on, comedians have done such a good job at this that it’s become clearer and clearer that a lot of our assumptions about our society are bullsh--t. As a result, the media has imbued comedians like Dave Chappelle, Amy Schumer, most current late-night hosts, and the entire cast of Saturday Night Live with a status previously granted only to those who claim to be telling us the truth – journalists, politicians, and other public intellectuals. But forget politics. Comedy is, dare I say, cool now…”
- Jesse David Fox, Comedy Book: How Comedy Conquered Culture – and the Magic that Makes it Work
The audacity of Jesse David Fox’s Comedy Book is what drew me in. Along with love, beauty, and good literature, comedy is among the most subjective elements on earth. An attempt to deconstruct “the magic that makes it work” – as promised in the subtitle – is an irresistible hook.
For the most part, Comedy Book works wonderfully. It samples broadly from all different types of humor, is written insightfully, and makes some fascinating points. While it is not intrinsically funny – though Fox, unfortunately, tries to land his own punchlines – it refers to enough classic bits to put a smile on your face.
To be sure, there are times when Fox digresses too far, engages in arguments that don’t really matter, and becomes a bit too certain in his proclamations, but overall, his aggressive opinions – and his efforts to overlay objectivity onto a medium that rejects such attempts – are consistently engaging.
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Comedy is a vast subject, and no single book could capture all its forms and permutations. To that end, Fox limits his scope from the 1990s to today. He explains these parameters by observing the centrality of comedy to our culture. According to Fox, what makes us laugh defines us, in the way that music defined individuals in other generations. This is partly a function of social media technologies and podcasts, which has dispensed with the old gatekeepers, and opened the floodgates of content. Wannabe standups are no longer relegated to open-mic nights in front of a half dozen glass-eyed drunks. Now, a person can upload their act to the internet and – ostensibly at least – be accessible to the entire world.
Fox’s definition of “comedy” is very broad, and he tries to cover all the forums in which people try to make others laugh. There is a heavy emphasis on traditional standup routines, but he also includes movies, television shows, sketch comedy, TikTok and Twitter, and everything else you can imagine. Fox also makes a concerted effort to incorporate a diverse array of performers into the text.
It should be noted, however, that Comedy Book is focused on American comedy. This makes sense, given that Fox is an American comedy critic – a profession that apparently exists! – and attempting a pan-global humor survey would be an impossibly large undertaking. But if you’re looking for an international perspective, you’ll have to go elsewhere.
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Comedy Book is arranged by theme. An early chapter on the audience, for instance, discusses the type of relationship a comedian has to their fans. Later in the book, there is a chapter on laughter, and whether comedy has to be funny. Fox does not think so, pointing out powerful shows by Dave Chappelle and Hannah Gadsby that took the form in new directions. While this is just a semantic argument – it doesn’t matter what you call it, really – it is absorbing.
Some of these chapters work better than others, though almost all of them have something interesting to say.
One of my favorites had to do with “timing,” which refers not to a jokester’s mastery of the rhythms of comedy, but the appropriate waiting-period before making jokes about tragedies. Fox uses the September 11, 2001 terror attacks as his organizing principle, noting that if someone told a joke too soon, a person in the audience would scream “too soon!” If they waited too long, though, the audience wouldn’t understand the reference. To those who argue that comedians should avoid this realm completely, Fox perceptively notes that it’s off-putting to simply ignore world-historical events. If you were a comedian in New York City on September 12, 2001, for example, it would’ve been super jarring – to the point of insensitivity – to stand up on stage and observe how the cable company is always late.
Another stellar sequence breaks down the joke-crafting process. For instance, Fox discusses how Chris Rock refines his material by bombing in front of small audiences, so that he better understands what works and what does not. Comedy is an art, and art is a craft, and it’s illuminating to see how it is created. After finishing this, you’re going to want to fire up a comedy special or two, and watch it with new eyes and ears.
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Fox comes across as a very smart guy, and a lot of Comedy Book is highbrow. He discusses play theory, relief theory, the impact of Harvard on The Simpsons, and cites to psychological tracts. Nevertheless, he does not neglect the joys of the lowbrow, going so far as to extol the movies of Adam Sandler, and engage in an enlightened discussion of poop jokes.
As I noted above, Fox sometimes tries to get in on the act, with flat results. While he is a sharp writer, with a lot of worthy insights, he is not himself funny, and gets less funny the harder he tries. Thankfully, the people he is writing about are a blast, and I found myself setting the book aside on numerous occasions in order to look up clips or specials. One of the best things about Comedy Book is that it introduces you to a lot of hilarious people that you might not have heard of before.
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For me, Comedy Book faltered a bit when it tried to discuss “the line” between mere bad taste and outright offensiveness. This is, of course, a major topic of discourse in comedic circles, and always has been.
My issue isn’t with the substance – I agreed with Fox more often than not – but with the tone. Instead of the careful examination he’d undertaken before, he chooses instead to be insufferably self-righteous. As a person who has occasionally mounted a high horse, I am well aware of the rhetorical limitations of smug sanctimony. Here, there are long stretches when comedy disappeared completely, replaced by a lecture on morals. Rather than make his points, he tries to sketch out his own bright lines, an unfunny inversion of George Carlin’s seven words you can’t say on television.
That’s too bad because – again – a lot of what he says is extremely valuable. Comedy has often been at the vanguard of free speech and censorship, making it possible for everyone to express a great deal without fear of the government arresting you for indecency. On the other hand, a lot of comedy has historically been directed at marginalized groups, has trafficked in harmful stereotypes, and has generally engaged in what is known as “punching down.” Thus, we are left with an unresolved tension: just because you can doesn’t mean you should.
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Though it sags in the middle, Fox manages to finish strong, with a very personal essay on comedy in times of personal grief. This is almost enough to forget some of the tendentiousness that proceeds it.
Going into this, my fear was that – as with wizards – looking behind the curtain would dispel some of the magic of comedy. That turned out not to be true. At its best, Comedy Book is an aid to a richer appreciation of the art of eliciting laughter, and provides a pretty nice list of performers and performances that are worth checking out.
Ultimately, laughter is not the best medicine; medicine still is. But laughter remains vitally important. If you don’t believe me, go watch a video of a pug trying to do anything, and report back how you feel. Though it is imperfect, Comedy Book makes an impassioned case for its subject, even if some of Fox’s opinions – on Adam Sandler movies and otherwise – are not wholly supported.