It is now more than eight years since the referendum on whether or not Britain should remain in the European Union. The decision to leave has probably been the single most significant political issue in Britain throughout my lifetime, and even though it is now a few years since Boris Johnson’s government finally secured the final departure, its reverberations are still being felt.
From the outside it might seem simply to have been a fairly straightforward binary option, with followers of either side campaigning against adherents of the other. Oh, if only it had been that straightforward! This is the fourth volume in Tim Shipman’s comprehensive, and admirably non-partisan account of the Brexit story. I believe that he had initially intended that three books would be enough, but that was before the unfolding pantomime or farce of the Boris Johnson and Liz Truss premierships, which have merited a separate volume of their own, to be published shortly. But even this final volume was delayed because of British political events. It had originally been scheduled for publication back in the summer of 2024, to follow very closely on the heels of the previous volume. However, Rishi Sunak’s sudden decision in May 2024 to call a general election meant that the book had to be held back for further developments to be addressed.
If I hadn’t lived through these events (and working in Whitehall, and regularly attending Parliament as part of my role as a civil servant, I found myself at times uncomfortably close to the unfolding drama), I might struggle to believe that the country that proudly considers itself to have the Mother of all Parliaments could really have been reduced to such farcical political stagnation. Shipman’s third volume followed the struggle that Theresa may’s government encountered as it tried to secure parliamentary agreement to some form of deal with the European Union. For once British xenophobia was misplaced – while the EU was legitimately negotiating to ensure that its interests weren’t unduly harmed by any deal that might eventually be agreed with the UK, Theresa May’s bitterest enemies turned out to be in Parliament, many of them in her own party.
The fourth volume picks the story up with Theresa May’s government continuing to tear itself apart over different options to try to advance a negotiated deal. Perhaps may’s problem was that she was too strictly ruled by a sense of decency. Although she had favoured remaining in the EU, on becoming Prime Minister she was determined to respect the outcome of the referendum, as a consequence of which she moved far to quickly to trigger Article 50, which set the whole juggernaut process in motion.
Unfortunately, her ability to snatch defeat from the very jaws of victory also led her to call an election in 2017, in the belief that this would give her a larger parliamentary majority and enable her to push the relevant EU Exit legislation through. She misread the situation and ended up with a hung Parliament, forcing her into a political alliance with the Democratic Unionist Party of Northern Ireland MPs.
I remember being amazed at the time by May’s resilience. I don’t know how she managed to keep getting up each day and returning to the political fray. Shipman recounts how tortuous a process it was to keep coming up with new alternative suggestions for a pragmatic deal with the EU, each of which would then be shot down by either the official Opposition or, more frequently, by rebel factions within May’s own party. Eventually even that seemingly adamantine resilience was broken, and she acknowledged failure, resigning as Tory leader to enable Boris Johnson to become Prime Minister.
Now cushioned by the passage of a few years on, it still seems to stretch one’s credibility to remember that Boris was ever Prime Minister. It is also bizarre how readily one forgets some traumatic events. While the issue evoked great bitterness and seemed capable even of precipitating the country into civil war, I had forgotten about Boris attempt to prorogue Parliament, essentially suspending it to prevent it from blocking his plan to leave the EU without a deal if necessary. Shipman’s analysis of the legal arguments of that issue for both sides is very clear, rendering an exceptionally complex issue fairly accessible to the lay reader. At the time, I think that my colleagues and I felt that things couldn’t become much stranger. Little dd we know!
It is also odd to read a history of events before the COVD pandemic swept the world. How innocent those days now seem! Of course, Johnson’s premiership will probably now be remembered primarily for the ignominy with which it ended, with Johnson being deposed by his own party (a recurring trope for the British Conservatives). For most of his time in 10 Downing Street, however, his time as leader has to be viewed through the prism of Covid, with most of the world transformed through the medium of lockdown.
Politics remained chaotic, however, with Johnson initially reliant upon, but then fatally falling out with, Dominic Cummings, whom he had appointed as backroom manager at No.10. The handling of the pandemic, and the subsequent ‘Patygate’ investigations are too tedious, and potentially triggering, to dwell on at length here, but they led to Johnson’s departure, and the emergence of Liz Truss as Prime Minister, an appointment that would have stretched credulity a few years previously even further than the appointment of Johnson that preceded it.
Shipman performs admirably here, preserving his non-partisan approach, and also struggling to avoid allowing hindsight to colour his depictions. I find it harder to remained unbiased about La Truss. During her first ministerial appointment, as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State at the Department for Education, I was briefly her Correspondence Manager. In that role I had a weekly meeting with her, at which we discussed her responses to ministerial post, but had to be introduced to her anew each time as she could not recall who I was. After this had happened four or five times, her PS exasperatedly explained, ‘He’s still your lead drafter.’ Obviously, I realise that that anecdote might be as much a reflection on my utter blandness and failure to register on her awareness, but I understand from colleagues that they all similarly failed to gain her attention.
Shipman despatches Truss fairly quickly, just as the Conservative Party did, dwelling longer on the relative stability that attended Rishi Sunak’s period at the helm. Sunak emerges as an essentially decent, but also politically naïve, man. Hardworking and capable, but lacking the sufficiently sensitive political antennae to understand the flow of public opinion. Shipman’s description of his announcement of the election, standing outside and seemingly oblivious to a monsoon-like downpour is marvellous.
Taken together, the four volumes represent a massive undertaking for the reader, but they are very rewarding. It is fascinating to read such a detailed account of such a tempestuous period.