Overall, I’m glad I read this book and would recommend it to everyone, whether they agree with his points or not. Below I'm writing my understanding of his ideas and what I think on them. I'm not sure if it counts as a spoiler in such a book as this, so be ware.
The book reminded me strongly of Kierkegaard’s idea that every individual is responsible for their own actions in an unethical society, refusing to simply follow the norms even if others think we are strange or weird. I appreciate this emphasis on individual responsibility, as well as the ideal of striving to create something meaningful to make the world better and help others. I also agree with his point that money can be used to harm others, forcing them into immoral behavior, and that greed is clearly wrong. Furthermore, I support Tolstoy’s view that we should all develop ourselves holistically: physically (through exercise), intellectually (by understanding the world and ourselves), creatively (by developing and improving skills), and socially (by building relationships and societies).
However, I strongly disagree with Tolstoy’s insistence that each person must personally perform all four types of labor, such as building their own house, farming their own food, cooking, and cleaning. I think this idea is deeply flawed and impractical. I cannot understand how he could come to the conclusion that society would be better if everyone did that. I imagine such a lifestyle would push us back into a dark age where people simply wouldn’t have enough time in their days for study or intellectual growth. Over a few generations, I picture people losing basic knowledge, like literacy and numeracy, even if rules mandated lifelong mandatory education. That education itself would be enforced by violence, not inspired by motivation or money.
In historical context, manual laborers had grueling lives. They rose before sunrise, ate a quick meal during the day as their only break, and worked in the fields until nightfall. Even producing just enough food for survival took most of their day; they lacked the energy and time to learn subjects like mathematics or sciences. Even if, miraculously, they had the time and were forced to study, they could barely spend an hour a day on learning. Meanwhile, children today spend 6 to 10 hours daily studying from age five or six, depending on the country. So, it is simply impossible for anyone in a labor-intensive lifestyle to acquire much knowledge, let alone contribute to new discoveries or advances.
Tolstoy did say one could focus on something else besides these four kinds of labor, but only if two conditions were met: first, that their work clearly benefits others and is requested by them, and second, that this person is better at the work than anyone else. However, these conditions don’t make much sense to me. First, people can be unaware or unwilling to recognize others’ talents or might hesitate to request their service for reasons like introversion or a reluctance to impose. Second, if everyone did perform all four types of basic labor to some extent, with limited time for specialization, then no one could really master any field. Without experts, and with many generalists knowing only basic skills, comparison of competence would be worthless.
It’s like trying to choose the best student in geography or biology among primary school children who barely know the basics—unfair and premature. That is because gaining expertise requires focused, long-term study and practice, which would be impossible under universal manual labor demands. For instance, surgeons would not exist; universities couldn’t function; administrators, educators, doctors, and infrastructure workers require full-time dedication to their specialization.
Moreover, I find his view on women problematic. Tolstoy argues that women can perform the same four kinds of labor as men but must first focus on producing many children and raising them well, as numbers matter. He even said women who don’t bear children are not properly serving men. By this he meant women are naturally called and attracted to the service of others through childbearing and rearing in ways men cannot substitute. I believe this would force a terrible fate upon women—being compelled to have children from their earliest ability, then raising them while doing the same labor as men, with little time or opportunity for self-education or personal growth, and eventually dying exhausted. This would produce cycles of poverty and ignorance, as mothers without sufficient education cannot provide proper learning for their children.
Clearly, Tolstoy did not consider gender diversity, LGBTQ+ identities, or transgender experiences. His perspective reflects biases from his time and personal life—for example, his wife had many children, educated them, translated his books, and suffered physical, sexual, and psychological abuse from him. His conception of women as mainly baby-makers who require no rest or support, where any other behavior is labeled hysteria or craziness, feels brutally oppressive and outdated.
I also strongly dislike his dismissal of science, art, spiritual leaders, and specialists as useless parasites simply because they do not live and work like manual laborers. Tolstoy argued that schools exist but mostly only the rich can afford them, doctors live in cities inaccessible to rural poor, and specialists would only be useful if they lived among laborers and produced equally. I disagree profoundly. Despite high costs in some cases, many modern technological advances and healthcare are affordable to a large part of humanity, especially in developed countries where governments and charities help the less fortunate. Developing countries also receive international aid for medicine, education, and infrastructure inaccessible for centuries before.
If given the chance to live in pre-modern times, before vaccines, medicines, or surgeries, I would never do so. Such life meant forced marriages, dangerous childbirth, rampant disease, and limited horizons. I would have been closed-minded, struggling daily just to survive rather than pondering what is better for humankind.
I believe humans should grow individually and as a whole by learning specific fields deeply, becoming experts, bringing new insights, and creating art to move souls, not worrying about being condemned as useless parasites. Tolstoy’s view seems stuck on basic survival levels in Maslow’s hierarchy, ignoring higher potentials like self-actualization.
Despite my disagreements, this book offers much food for thought. It prompts questions on how money works in society, what a Tolstoyan world might look like, and how much has changed since his time. I also found his repetitive writing style tiresome; many ideas are reiterated over several chapters without significant development, making the text longer and less engaging than it could be.Overall I'm glad I read it and would recommend for everyone to read, no matter if you agree or disagree with his points.