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Sigmund Freud
383 pages, Hardcover
First published January 1, 2004
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November 18, 2023
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian neurologist and psychoanalyst. He was considered the father of psychoanalysis, whose theoretical foundations and practical application became a source for understanding the human psyche and influenced art, literature, and other fields of knowledge.
Sigmund Schlomo Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia, then belonging to the Austrian Empire, on May 6, 1856. Son of Jacob Freud, a small merchant, and Amalie Nathanson, of Jewish origin, he was the eldest of seven siblings.
At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna, where Jews had better social acceptance and better economic prospects.
Training
From an early age, Freud proved to be a brilliant student. At 17, he entered the University of Vienna in the course of Medicine. During his college years, he was fascinated by research in the physiology laboratory by Dr. E.W. von Brucke.
From 1876 to 1882, Freud worked with this specialist and concentrated on research on the histology of the nervous system. He already showed great interest in studying mental illnesses and the methods used in their treatment.
He also worked at the Institute of Anatomy under H. Maynert. He completed the course in 1881 and resolved to become a clinician specializing in neurology.
For some years, Freud worked in a neurological clinic for children, where he stood out for having discovered a type of cerebral palsy that later came to be known by his name.
In 1884, he came into contact with the physician Josef Breuer, who had cured severe symptoms of hysteria through hypnotic sleep when the patient could remember the circumstances that gave rise to his illness. Called the "cathartic method," it constituted the starting point of psychoanalysis.
In 1885, Freud earned a master's degree in neuropathology. That same year, he won a Paris specialization scholarship with the French neurologist J. M. Charcot.
Back in Vienna, he continued his experiments with Breuer. He published, together with Breuer, Studies on Hysteria (1895), which marked the beginning of his psychoanalytic investigations.
Oedipus Complex
In 1897, Freud began to study the sexual nature of childhood traumas that cause neuroses and began to outline the theory of the "Oedipus Complex," according to which the physical love for the mother and the urge to murder the father would be part of the mental structure of men.
That same year, he already noted the importance of dreams in psychoanalysis. 1900, he published The Interpretation of Dreams, the first actual psychoanalytic work.
Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis
In a short time, Freud was able to take a decisive and original step that opened perspectives for the development of psychoanalysis by abandoning hypnosis, replacing it with the method of free associations, then starting to penetrate the most obscure regions of the unconscious, being the first to discover the instrument capable of reaching it and exploring it in its essence.
For ten years, Freud worked alone on the development of psychoanalysis. In 1906, he was joined by Adler, Jung, Jones, and Stekel, who, in 1908, met at the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis in Salzburg.
The first sign of acceptance of Psychoanalysis in academia came in 1909 when he was invited to lecture in the USA at Clark University in Worcester.
In 1910, on the occasion of the second International Congress of Psychoanalysis held in Nuremberg, the group founded the International Psychoanalytic Association, which enshrined psychoanalysts in several countries.
Between 1911 and 1913, Freud was the victim of hostilities, mainly from the scientists themselves, who, outraged by the new ideas, did everything to demoralize him: Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, and the whole so-called Zurich school split from Freud.
Marriage and children
In April 1882, Freud met Martha Bernays while visiting her sister's home. On June 17 of the same year, they got engaged.
After four years of engagement, on September 14, 1886, they were married. Freud and Martha had six children: Mathilde, Jean-Martins, Oliver, Ernest, Sophie, and Anna.
In 1838, when Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany, Freud took refuge in England, where part of his family was already there.
Illness and Death
In 1923, already ill, Freud underwent the first surgery to remove a tumor on the palate. He began to have difficulty speaking; he felt pain and discomfort. His last years of life he has coincided with the expansion of Nazism in Europe.
Initially, however, he rejected an invitation to settle in the United Kingdom and remained in Vienna. In 1938, when the Nazis took over Vienna, Freud, of Jewish origin, had his assets confiscated and his library burned. With the aggravation of Nazi pressure, however, and thanks to the financial help of Maria Bonaparte, Freud moved to London, where he was forced to take refuge.
At that time, Freud was working, in collaboration with his daughter Anna, on a work dedicated to analyzing Hitler's personality.
Sigmund Freud died in London, England, on September 23, 1939.
Works of Sigmund Freud
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904)
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)
Totem and Taboo (1913)
Civilization and its Discontents (1930)
Moses and Monotheism (1939)
Source: https://www.ebiografia.com/sigmund_fr...
Sigmund Schlomo Freud was born in Freiberg, Moravia, then belonging to the Austrian Empire, on May 6, 1856. Son of Jacob Freud, a small merchant, and Amalie Nathanson, of Jewish origin, he was the eldest of seven siblings.
At the age of four, his family moved to Vienna, where Jews had better social acceptance and better economic prospects.
Training
From an early age, Freud proved to be a brilliant student. At 17, he entered the University of Vienna in the course of Medicine. During his college years, he was fascinated by research in the physiology laboratory by Dr. E.W. von Brucke.
From 1876 to 1882, Freud worked with this specialist and concentrated on research on the histology of the nervous system. He already showed great interest in studying mental illnesses and the methods used in their treatment.
He also worked at the Institute of Anatomy under H. Maynert. He completed the course in 1881 and resolved to become a clinician specializing in neurology.
For some years, Freud worked in a neurological clinic for children, where he stood out for having discovered a type of cerebral palsy that later came to be known by his name.
In 1884, he came into contact with the physician Josef Breuer, who had cured severe symptoms of hysteria through hypnotic sleep when the patient could remember the circumstances that gave rise to his illness. Called the "cathartic method," it constituted the starting point of psychoanalysis.
In 1885, Freud earned a master's degree in neuropathology. That same year, he won a Paris specialization scholarship with the French neurologist J. M. Charcot.
Back in Vienna, he continued his experiments with Breuer. He published, together with Breuer, Studies on Hysteria (1895), which marked the beginning of his psychoanalytic investigations.
Oedipus Complex
In 1897, Freud began to study the sexual nature of childhood traumas that cause neuroses and began to outline the theory of the "Oedipus Complex," according to which the physical love for the mother and the urge to murder the father would be part of the mental structure of men.
That same year, he already noted the importance of dreams in psychoanalysis. 1900, he published The Interpretation of Dreams, the first actual psychoanalytic work.
Freud, the Father of Psychoanalysis
In a short time, Freud was able to take a decisive and original step that opened perspectives for the development of psychoanalysis by abandoning hypnosis, replacing it with the method of free associations, then starting to penetrate the most obscure regions of the unconscious, being the first to discover the instrument capable of reaching it and exploring it in its essence.
For ten years, Freud worked alone on the development of psychoanalysis. In 1906, he was joined by Adler, Jung, Jones, and Stekel, who, in 1908, met at the first International Congress of Psychoanalysis in Salzburg.
The first sign of acceptance of Psychoanalysis in academia came in 1909 when he was invited to lecture in the USA at Clark University in Worcester.
In 1910, on the occasion of the second International Congress of Psychoanalysis held in Nuremberg, the group founded the International Psychoanalytic Association, which enshrined psychoanalysts in several countries.
Between 1911 and 1913, Freud was the victim of hostilities, mainly from the scientists themselves, who, outraged by the new ideas, did everything to demoralize him: Adler, Carl Gustav Jung, and the whole so-called Zurich school split from Freud.
Marriage and children
In April 1882, Freud met Martha Bernays while visiting her sister's home. On June 17 of the same year, they got engaged.
After four years of engagement, on September 14, 1886, they were married. Freud and Martha had six children: Mathilde, Jean-Martins, Oliver, Ernest, Sophie, and Anna.
In 1838, when Austria was annexed to Nazi Germany, Freud took refuge in England, where part of his family was already there.
Illness and Death
In 1923, already ill, Freud underwent the first surgery to remove a tumor on the palate. He began to have difficulty speaking; he felt pain and discomfort. His last years of life he has coincided with the expansion of Nazism in Europe.
Initially, however, he rejected an invitation to settle in the United Kingdom and remained in Vienna. In 1938, when the Nazis took over Vienna, Freud, of Jewish origin, had his assets confiscated and his library burned. With the aggravation of Nazi pressure, however, and thanks to the financial help of Maria Bonaparte, Freud moved to London, where he was forced to take refuge.
At that time, Freud was working, in collaboration with his daughter Anna, on a work dedicated to analyzing Hitler's personality.
Sigmund Freud died in London, England, on September 23, 1939.
Works of Sigmund Freud
The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)
Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904)
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905)
Totem and Taboo (1913)
Civilization and its Discontents (1930)
Moses and Monotheism (1939)
Source: https://www.ebiografia.com/sigmund_fr...
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