There is an inherent tension in history between the contingent and causation, the prospective and retrospective. It arises from the unbridgeable gap between participating and merely observing history. Viewed from hindsight, everything seems predetermined. So, would a very close look, a detailed dissection, give us some insight and help reconcile these contradictions? Well, the 9th of Thermidor is perfect for that, apparently being one of the most documented days in history.
In popular understanding, the day has been largely defined by the backview mirror of the Thermidorean Reaction - an overturned tyranny, exploded by the pent up anger build-up during the regime of 'the Terror', the spawn of Robespierre. However, zoomed in, we find that the actions undertaken during the day had nothing to do with any such tyrannicidal principles or anti-government sentiments, and all to do with intra-government personal frictions instead, which simply reached a flash-point in a heightened paranoia, whereby conspiracy hallucinations came by easily, to everyone.
What set it off was the speech Robespierre gave just the day before in the Convention, on 8th of Thermidor, during the two hours of which he tried to unveil his barely comprehensible conspiracy theory - the Great Plot, hatched abroad - just vague enough to arouse discomfort by implicating nearly everyone present. And certain people had more to fear than others, spurring them to action to save their skin. The motive had been simply to kill or be killed. As one participant put it, "the struggle of 9th Thermidor was not a question of principle, but of killing... the death of Robespierre had become a necessity."
To everyone's surprise, this desperate - and theatric - improvisation culminated in Robespierre overthrown and guilliotined with barely any shots fired.
None of this had anything to do with the repressions, executions and centralization taking place under the Revolutionary Government. The biggest contributors were in fact part of this very regime, and had no intention to dismantle it.
And yet, I'm confused. So a leader, whose popularity deemed him unassailable in everyone's eyes, was suddenly blown away like a house of cards, just because of one miscalculated speech? Come on, there has to be more than that.
How do unforeseen accidents happen? Numerous things must align, of different scope and magnitude. Usually the necessary conditions build up over time, slowly and invisibly. It is only the last of these, the final trigger, the most ephemeral and random - the spark - that catches the eye and seemingly alone causes the entire edifice to come down. A slow subsidence followed by a collapse. The author convincingly demonstrated 'the spark' on the 9th of Thermidor - the very specific and personal motives of only a handful of people - but I did not see the subsidence.
And yet there *was* a build-up. Like the falloff in the sans-culottes movement, the suffocation of popular opinion in speech and the Paris sections, the weird crackdown on celebratory banquets and most of all, the increasing fear and discomfort in the Convention - still reeling from previous purges - over the almost cult-like presence of Robespierre in the Revolution. But the author mentions them in passing and makes no connection.
The only connection he does make with preceding conditions, is the repeating pattern of the exposure of celebrated revolutionary readers as crooks and traitors, like Mirabeau, Lafayette, Dumouriez, Danton and Hebert, which conditioned the French so that the condemnation of Robespierre came almost naturally by that point. But that alone does not cut it, I think.
The author almost even implies that there were implicit forces at play on that day - hidden motivations which only came explicit after the fact and over time. Such as revealed by the nature of the Thermidorean Reaction - a dismantling of the regime, a shift to the right, White terror as a response to the Red terror, and an anti-Parisian, anti-socialist and anti-egalitarian conservative turn. *Almost* implies, but not quite. So he does not make the connection here, either.
Without these, I do not think the spark could have combusted the way it did, personal frictions or not.
I also do not think it was a coincidence that Robespierre's allies lacked organization, understanding and legitimacy - already before the official proclamations, placards or public meetings. Such characteristics usually reflect deeper issues. It was very reminiscent of the August Putsch in 1991 USSR - a kneejerk resuscitation of an order that had overstayed its welcome.
So while the author did a superb job bringing to life the participants, out from under the dust of retrospection, it feels he left the observer somewhat out in the cold.
Five stars, because extremely well written and immersive. Present-tense history should should be a bigger thing. This way history feels alive, which is important, because alive is what it was. Without this, there is no understanding.