Jump to ratings and reviews
Rate this book

The Limits of Interpretation

Rate this book
Umberto Eco focuses here on what he once called "the cancer of uncontrolled interpretation"--that is, the belief that many interpreters have gone too far in their domination of texts, thereby destroying meaning and the basis for communication.

304 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1990

53 people are currently reading
1813 people want to read

About the author

Umberto Eco

947 books11.9k followers
Umberto Eco was an Italian medievalist, philosopher, semiotician, novelist, cultural critic, and political and social commentator. In English, he is best known for his popular 1980 novel The Name of the Rose, a historical mystery combining semiotics in fiction with biblical analysis, medieval studies and literary theory, as well as Foucault's Pendulum, his 1988 novel which touches on similar themes.

Eco wrote prolifically throughout his life, with his output including children's books, translations from French and English, in addition to a twice-monthly newspaper column "La Bustina di Minerva" (Minerva's Matchbook) in the magazine L'Espresso beginning in 1985, with his last column (a critical appraisal of the Romantic paintings of Francesco Hayez) appearing 27 January 2016. At the time of his death, he was an Emeritus professor at the University of Bologna, where he taught for much of his life. In the 21st century, he has continued to gain recognition for his 1995 essay "Ur-Fascism", where Eco lists fourteen general properties he believes comprise fascist ideologies.

Ratings & Reviews

What do you think?
Rate this book

Friends & Following

Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!

Community Reviews

5 stars
194 (35%)
4 stars
244 (44%)
3 stars
87 (16%)
2 stars
16 (2%)
1 star
2 (<1%)
Displaying 1 - 22 of 23 reviews
Profile Image for Valeriu Gherghel.
Author 6 books2,070 followers
September 6, 2023
1) Nu există limite ale interpretării. Oricine are dreptul să caute sensul cărților pe care le citește și să-l comunice celorlalți. Orice text poate primi mai multe interpretări corecte, rezonabile. Interpretările corecte nu se contrazic, nu intră în coliziune unele cu altele.

2) Există limite ale interpretării. Și tocmai în acest sens și-a gîndit Umberto Eco titlul: „textul interpretat impune exegeților lui niște restricții” (pp.15). E preferabil ca interpretarea să respecte principiul simplității (sau economiei) și să rămînă aproape de sensul literal al textului: „Un text trebuie să fie luat ca parametru al propriilor lui interpretări” (p.38). Și încă: „A vorbi de limite ale interpretării înseamnă a ne revendica de la un modus, sau de la o măsură” (p.61).

Au existat (cel puțin) două tradiții hermeneutice care nu țin seama de sensul literal. Una își are originea în hermetism (pp.45-113) și a culminat în lucrările alchimiștilor și în textele lui René Guénon (1886 - 1951). Principiul de la care pornesc hermetiștii spune că „totul poate înseamna orice”. De citit neapărat, pentru hazul lui imens, capitolul „René Guénon: derivă și corabie a nebunilor” (pp.109-113).

A doua tradiție care a negat importanța sensului literal este tradiția alegorică. O găsim în Antichitate, apoi în creștinism. Principala victimă a exegeților iudei și creștini a fost Cîntarea cîntărilor. Erotismul vădit al acestui poem trebuia purificat.

În tradiția hermetismului se înscriu, probabil, și lecturile deconstrucționiste: „Feluritele practici de deconstrucție mută spectaculos accentul pe inițiativa destinatarului și pe ireductibila ambiguitate a textului, astfel încît textul devine doar un stimul pentru deriva interpretării” (p.28).

Aș adăuga, în treacăt, că Umberto Eco afirmă că orice interpretare presupune din partea cititorului formularea unor ipoteze pe calea abducției (pentru detalii, a se citi capitolul intitulat „Coarne, copite, pantofi: trei tipuri de abducție”, pp.263-292).

În fine, autorul propune o tipologie a intențiilor: una e cea a autorului, alta a textului și a treia ar aparține cititorilor (pp.25-28).
Profile Image for Kirk Lowery.
213 reviews37 followers
Read
August 15, 2016
This book is a collection of 15 essays grouped around the subject: "Is there any limitation to how a reader may interpret a text?" Eco's answer is "yes." If nothing else, one may find -- not always easily! -- what the text may NOT mean. Some of the articles are an easy read, for Eco is an entertaining essayist. Some of them deal with technical discussions of semiotic processes and issues in the philosophy of language. A background in linguistics, history of Western philosophy and civilization in general will provide a useful context to what he says. Don't think Eco stands with Hirsch that the author/speaker rules the interpretation of a speech act. But he does not take the deconstructionist path of the absolute freedom of the reader. He speaks of the "protected meaning" of a text, which, at the minimum, is what the text *cannot* mean. I particularly recommend the chapter "Portrait of the Elder as a Young Pliny" to represent the best results of Eco's ideas of interpretation.
Profile Image for Simona B.
928 reviews3,153 followers
Read
August 12, 2021
"Il testo è una sorta di meccanismo idiolettale, che stabilisce correlazioni enciclopediche che valgono soltanto per quel testo specifico.... il testo costruisce una particolare descrizione semantica che rappresenta il mondo possibile testuale."

In these compulsively readable (some more than others) essays, Umberto Eco strenuously defends the intentio operis--the right of the text to be the measure of its interpretations. Personally, I sympathise very strongly with the vast majority of the claims Eco makes in this book: reading The Limits of Interpretation was often like seeing put into words, analytically, concepts that I've always intuitively believed in and endorsed, which is always pleasant, useful, and generally rewarding.

Many of the ideas expressed here were reprised by Eco also in other works of his, such as Lector in fabula (in English The Role of the Reader) and A Theory of Semiotics: each text creates its own world and describes the criteria for its interpretation, which prompts in the reader the (re)construction of the "idiolect" of that text, that is, the constructive principle that guides and regulates the text's interpretation. For Eco, the reader's grasping of the text's idiolect is forever the result of infinite approximations, but this doesn't mean that the text's sense is forever deferred: simply that, as in all communication, the reader must continuously infer the text's overall world. (I could say meaning or even intention here, but both words have connotations which I always avoid applying to narrative texts: Latin is useful here because intentio, which is the term used by Eco, may refer to intent or [philosophical] intentionality. Needless to say, I prefer the latter meaning.) What's more, I often notice that Eco's idea of artistic idiolect tends to be associated, in other people's accounts, to the intentio auctoris, in the sense of the intention of the author--what the author wanted the text to say. I haven't read every single essay or book that Eco ever wrote, of course, but in The Limits of Interpretation he never attributes or otherwise ties the idiolect to the author's intention. On the contrary, he shows time and time again how the (empirical) author's intention is basically irrelevant for interpretation. We can decide to include it, of course, if we have direct access to it in some way. But strictly speaking, we don't need it, and it's misleading to try to use it to "validate" a certain reading of a text. The only thing that we need to interpret a text is the text.

I have the feeling that these notions go against the dominant way of thinking about books today, both for casual (or in any case non-professional, so to speak) readers and critics. I recommend this book specifically and Eco's work more in general to anyone who would like to hear the opinion of a debunker of authorial intentionalism as a strong theory of interpretation.
Profile Image for Bara.
Author 3 books34 followers
Read
September 25, 2015
Kdybych hodnotila odborné knihy a ne pouze beletrii, tak bych dala MI pět hvězdiček. Eco dokáže napsat přednášku tak, že připomíná sci-fi povídku.

Profile Image for Valentina.
Author 3 books71 followers
March 26, 2016
Una serie de juegos dialécticos con los que Eco reflexiona sobre las intenciones de autor y lector, y también el texto de forma autónoma, a la hora de interpretarlo.

Es una lectura muy académica pero, aun para los no interesados en la semiótica, recomiendo "El autor y sus intérpretes", texto en el que Eco usa como referencia algunas interpretaciones que se han hecho de sus novelas para ejemplificar todas las posibilidades de este análisis.
Profile Image for andjela.
57 reviews
Read
January 19, 2022
Напорно за мозак, али исплати се. Морам себи одати признање што сам се ово трудила да разумем до момента усијања свих синапси
Profile Image for Micah Neely.
102 reviews2 followers
March 27, 2016
The aim of this book as delineated in the introduction and second essay--Hermetic Drift vs. Unlimited Semiosis--is of the highest order and utmost importance. This is an approach that avoids both the simplistic temptations of radical deconstruction and the positivistic enforcement of meaning, but Eco feels free to draw on thinkers on either side of that slope. Because Eco thinks deeply and avoids nominalistic obfuscation, this is not an easy read. I'd like to see a more focused approach, but that may be impossible given that I love Eco and this topic for sheer intellectual breadth and infinite repercussion.

I worry a bit that replacing dictionaries with encyclopedias will be seen only as a matter of extent but not a qualitative change from positivism of either physicalist or idealist strains. I'll give Eco the benefit of the doubt here though. I'll consider his eventual model to be a helpful development and assert only the objection that these encyclopedias must be infinite as sign can only come from sign. This requires, in my thinking, an infinite sign, interpreter-interpretant-object, in which all lives and moves and has its being.
Profile Image for Filippo Ulivieri.
Author 12 books8 followers
January 14, 2016
Troppo discontinuo: nella seconda metà i saggi si concentrano su aspetti che ho trovato marginali e troppo di dettaglio rispetto alla teoria dell'interpretazione che cercavo.
Profile Image for  Ahmet Bakir Sbaai.
433 reviews144 followers
Read
December 18, 2025


يقدم أمبرتو إيكو في كتابه هذا دراسة في قضايا السيميائيات والتأويل، مع التركيز على التوازن بين حرية القارئ وتجنب التفسيرات غير المحدودة. ينقسم الكتاب إلى أربعة أقسام رئيسية، يتناول فيها إيكو مواضيع متنوعة تتراوح بين سيميائيات التلقي وجوانب السيميوسيس الهرمسية، مرورا بعملية التأويل وشروطه. يبدأ الكتاب بمقدمة تتناول تاريخ فكرة التأويل.
في القسم الأول، المعنون نية القارئ: ملاحظات حول سيميائيات التلقي، يناقش إيكو التغيير الجاري في المنظور النقدي خلال العقود الأخيرة، حيث تم الانتقال من تحليل النص ككيان بنيوي إلى بروز دور القارئ في بنائه وتفكيكه. يستعرض إيكو تاريخيا كيف أصبحت مفاهيم مثل القارئ الضمني والقارئ النموذجي مركزية في النظريات السيميائية، مستندا إلى أعمال مثل تلك لولفغانغ إيزر. يميز بين ثلاثة أنواع من النيات: نية الكاتب (intentio auctoris)، نية العمل (intentio operis)، ونية القارئ (intentio lectoris). يدافع إيكو عن أهمية النية العملية كمعيار لتقييم التفسيرات، محذرا من التفسيرات غير المحدودة التي قد تؤدي إلى سرطان التأويل غير المنضبط. يبرز الفرق بين التفسير الدلالي، الذي يملأ النص بمعان، والتفسير النقدي، الذي يفسر السبب الهيكلي للمعاني الممكنة.
يؤكد إيكو على دفاعه عن المعنى الحرفي كأساس لأي تفسير، مستشهدا بأمثلة مثل تصريح رونالد ريغان الذي اختبر به الميكروفونات، ليوضح كيف أن النص يحمل معنى حرفيا يجب احترامه قبل الانتقال إلى تفسيرات أعمق. يميز بين التفسير والاستخدام، حيث يعتبر التفسير يحترم نية العمل، بينما الاستخدام يفرض نية القارئ. يناقش إيكو كذلك التفسير كتخمين، حيث يجب على القارئ صياغة فرضيات تختبر من خلال تماسك النص. يختتم القسم باستنتاجات تؤكد أن التفسير يجب أن يحافظ على توازن بين حرية القارئ وحدود النص، معتمدا على مبادئ بيرسية في السيميائيات.
في القسم الثاني، جوانب السيميوسيس الهرمسية، يستعرض إيكو نموذجين للتفسير: النموذج العقلاني اليوناني-اللاتيني، الذي يعتمد على مبادئ الهوية والسببية، والنموذج الهرمسي، الذي يؤكد على التحول المستمر والتناقض. يناقش إيكو كيف أن الفكر الهرمسي، الذي يعود إلى القرن الثاني الميلادي، يرى العالم كسلسلة من الروابط السرية والتشابهات، حيث يصبح السر جزءا أساسيا من المعرفة. يبرز دور هرمس كرمز للازدواجية والتحول، وكيف أن هذا النموذج يؤدي إلى تفسير غير محدود يعتمد على الشك والتآمر.
يختتم إيكو القسم بمناقشة الشك والإفراط في التفسير، مستشهدا بمفكرين مثل غوينون ليظهر كيف أن الشك يؤدي إلى تفسيرات غير محدودة. يربط إيكو هذه الجوانب بالفكر الحديث، حيث يرى أثر الهرمسية في التفسيرات غير المنضبطة.
في القسم الثالث، عملية التأويل، يناقش إيكو المعايير الاقتصادية للتفسي��، مثل الاقتصاد الإيزوتوبي، حيث يجب أن يكون التفسير متماسكا داخليا. يستخدم أمثلة من أعمال جيمس جويس ليظهر كيف يمكن التوفير في التفسيرات. يميز بين نية العمل ونية الكاتب، مستخدما تجربته الشخصية كاختبار. يفحص تفسير الاستعارات كظاهرة محتوى، مرتبطة بالمعجم والعوالم الممكنة، وكعملية تخمينية.
يتابع إيكو بمناقشة الكذب والتزييف، محددا تعريفات أولية للتكرار، التزييف، والتعرف الزائف. يستعرض البراغماتية للتعرف الزائف ومعايير الاعتراف بالأصالة.
في القسم الرابع، شروط التأويل، يستعرض إيكو الشروط الأدنى للتأويل، بدءا من السيميوسيس والسيميائيات، مرورا بالدلالة والتواصل، والأنظمة السيميائية. يناقش التحليل كتخمين، التعرف، والنماذج والاستعارات.
Profile Image for Clara Mazzi.
777 reviews46 followers
August 24, 2020
Un saggio (che raccoglie a sua volta, in maniera molto strutturata, tutta una serie di altri saggi) che si interroga sull’interpretazione di un enunciato o di un testo. Affascinante come solo la mente di Eco può esserlo, spazia con estrema naturalezza in ambiti raffinatamente astratti e allo stesso tempo concreti (perché il linguaggio è tale: concreto a livello pragmatico ma teorico ed astratto come un teorema matematico se ci si riflette sopra) e si sviluppa in una serie di affermazioni che poggiano spesso e volentieri su saggi di Pierce e Derrida, che alle volte lui approva e alle volte critica. Il livello teorico di Eco e la sua preparazione sono evidenti dalla self-confidence con cui lui elabora le sue riflessioni anche se alle volte è un po’ difficile stargli dietro se non si hanno le stesse sue conoscenze. Mi ha affascinata nella parte dell’ermetica, mi ha commossa quando ha citato Sanders (che non so chi sia, ma il paragrafo citato mi è andato dritto al cuore) nel capitolo sulle condizioni dell’interpretazione, l’ho seguito con grande facilità nell’ultima parte della presupposizione, ho sudato sette camicie sul capitolo dell’abduzione, ho riso per l’ironia con cui presenta alcuni suoi esempi (sapendo di esserlo), mi sono profondamente annoiata nel capitolo “Modelli di interpretazione artificiale, con quel racconto ‘On Truth: A Fiction’ che ho trovato decisamente per addetti. Un saggio che non fornisce indicazioni pratiche del perché l’interpretazione ha un limite, ma si diletta a sviluppare le teorie del perché è così. Un viaggio nell’iperspazio della semiotica.
Profile Image for Etienne Mahieux.
541 reviews
February 3, 2013
Typique de la méthode d'Eco, qui reconfigure des interventions variées en un ouvrage ordonné. Chaque essai garde ainsi son indépendance et révèle son lot de surprise (évoquons un certain dialogue entre un ordinateur et un Terrien astucieusement déguisé en machine électronique...
Profile Image for Kuszma.
2,852 reviews287 followers
October 22, 2019
1. (A szkeptikus) Szemiotika. Mnemotechnika. Dekonstrukció. Falszifikáció. Piha. Eddig, ha elolvastam egy könyvet, tudtam, hogy tetszik-e, vagy sem. Ha tetszik, akkor jó. Ha nem tetszik, akkor nem jó. Most elolvastam ezt a könyvet, és (például) a P-terminusok reprezentációjában Eco olyan képletekre bontja szét a mondatokat, hogy ahhoz képest a tangens meg a kotangens csak lágy esti fülemülefütty. Most tegyük fel, hogy értem. (Tekintsünk el tőle, hogy nem.) És akkor mi van? Ami tetszik, az továbbra is jó marad, ami meg nem, az nem. Vagy nem?

2. (A hermeneutikus) Amikor Eco a téves értelmezést határozza meg, érvelésének kulcsponjában a hermeneutikusok állnak – őket hozza fel példának, hogyan lehet egy szöveget úgy kibontani, hogy az elfogadhatatlan mértékben szakadjon el a szövegtől. Az ezoterikusok, alkimisták és beavatottak nála mindig gúny tárgyai. De nézzük csak meg közelebbről. Eco szerint a hermeneutikus értelmezés azért szükségszerűen téves, mert olyan titkot kíván felszínre hozni, ami eleve kimondhatatlan, és amit maga a hermeneutikus is végső soron kimondhatatlannak tart. Így minden egyes válasz valójában egy újabb titokhoz vezet, és így tovább, a feloldás reménye nélkül – tehát gyakorlati értelemben véve ez a titok nem is létezik. Ezért homályos az ezoterikus szöveg – valójában nincs mondanivalója. Ebből fakad, hogy ahol viszont nem homályos, ott pont az ellenkezőjét kell érteni annak, amit látszólag mondani akar. Viszont ebből a logikából építkezve nem zárhatjuk ki, hogy amikor Eco egyértelműen a hermeneutikusok ellen foglal állást, akkor ezt csak azért teszi, mert hermeneutikus maga is, csak ezt titkolni akarja. Ha pedig homályos – akkor viszont bizonyosan hermeneutikus. A kör bezárult.

3. (én) Nem is tudom, hogy volt merszem eddig értékelést írni… Eco ebben a vaskos kötetben arra tesz kísérletet, hogy meghatározza, milyen kritériumok mentén szűrhetőek ki a hibás, elvethető szövegmagyarázatok, mindezt úgy, hogy közben meghagyja a szöveg végtelen számú értelmezésének lehetőségét. A kecske és a káposzta klasszikus esete, ugye. Ennek érdekében az értelmezés stratégiáit megpróbálja a puha tudományok világából a kemény tudományok világába átvezetni, mégpedig úgy, hogy a szemiotika jelekre alkalmazott (meglehetősen matematikai jellegű) képletrendszerét komplett szövegekre alkalmazza. Nem állítom, hogy minden sorát értettem (ahhoz talán kicsit kevesebbszer kellett volna a nyelvészeti szemináriumok helyett a megboldogult Queen sörözőben dekkolni), de tökéletesen kirajzolódik egy komplex, egységes rendszer, egy kiváló kiindulópont azoknak, akik a későbbiekben ebben a témában kívánnak elmerülni. Leszögezném: aki arra számít, hogy ebben a könyvben mintegy kézikönyvszerűen megtalálja egy tetszőleges szöveg megfejtésének kódjait, az csalódni fog. A könyv legfeljebb segít, hogy kritikai olvasóvá váljunk, de nem tesz azzá. Viszont végtelen szálon továbbgondolható tanulmány, amin jó ideig rágódni lehet.
Profile Image for Socrate.
6,745 reviews270 followers
March 17, 2021
La Inceput, în al său Mercury, Or the Secret and Swift Messenger, 1641, john Wilkins povestește Întamplarea urmatoare:
Cît de ciudat a putut să pară meșteșugul acesta al Scrisului la prima lui Inventare o putem întelege de la Americanii aceia descoperiți de curând, care erau surprinși să-i vadă pe Oameni stând de vorbă cu Cărțile și cărora le venea greu să creadă că Hârtia ar putea vorbi... Există o Legendă foarte frumoasă în legătură cu povestea asta, în care-i vorba de un sclav indian; acesta, fiind trimis de stăpânul său să ducă un coș cu smochine și o scrisoare, a mâncat pe drum o mare parte din povara lui, predându-i restul persoanei căreia îi era destinat; aceasta, după ce citi scrisoarea și negăsind cantitatea de smochine corespunzătoare cu ce se spunea acolo, il învinui pe sclav că le-a mâncat, făcându-l să afle ceea ce scrisoarea spunea împotriva lui. Însă indianul (în pofida acestei dovezi) tăgădui cu nevinovăție fapta, blestemând Hartia, ca pe o martoră falsă și mincinoasă.
Profile Image for Mysh.
4 reviews
March 14, 2023
It's a book that in my case fell into the "must read" category, not the "would love to read" category. The subject matter wasn't that interesting to me, and I'm not intellectually high enough to find the book easy to read. I didn't know many of the words and that made the reading cumbersome. I give 3 stars for a few wise thoughts and also because I know this is a generally beneficial book. Beneficial for people who are interested in different areas of knowledge than I am.
Profile Image for Stipe.
423 reviews17 followers
April 24, 2025
There are some brilliant bits on semiotics, literature and linguistics in general. Unfortunately, there are some chapters that resemble your average mathematics workbook; a total slog to get through sometimes. Eco possesses a very peculiar and lucid writing style, which makes the majority of this book rather enjoyable. Definitely not for the uninitiated, though - the last two or three chapters are really tough.
Profile Image for O LCB.
196 reviews4 followers
June 21, 2020
A great insight of semiotics
Profile Image for Enci.
21 reviews
July 23, 2024
muy bueno muy sassy pero tiene partes ilegibles
Profile Image for Cristina Ursu.
68 reviews3 followers
February 9, 2020
Mi-a plăcut tare mult începutul cu referința la o carte din 1641 de John Wilkins, care susține relația incertă dintre emițătorul unui text și destinatarul lui.
Displaying 1 - 22 of 23 reviews

Can't find what you're looking for?

Get help and learn more about the design.