Judith Butler analiza con lucidez el impacto de las palabras y desentraña cómo el discurso de odio, la censura y la resignificación construyen realidades políticas y sociales.
Un revelador ensayo que explora cómo el lenguaje puede herir, censurar y moldear el poder en nuestras sociedades.
Palabras que hieren ha sido reconocido universalmente como una obra magistral y uno de los libros más importantes de Judith Butler. En este análisis de los debates alrededor del discurso de odio, la pornografía y la homosexualidad, Butler sostiene que las palabras pueden herir y que la violencia lingüística es un tipo de violencia particular. También sostiene que este discurso es emocional y fluido porque sus efectos a menudo escapan al control del hablante, moldeados por la fantasía, el contexto y las estructuras de poder.
Butler insta a la cautela en el uso de la legislación para restringir y censurar la libertad de expresión, pues aunque el discurso de odio puede reforzar las estructuras de poder, también puede replicar el poder en formas que separan el lenguaje de su capacidad de causar daño. Por ejemplo, en los casos en que el lenguaje injurioso es internalizado por prácticas estéticas que buscan enfrentarse al daño y reducirlo, como ocurre en el rap y en la música popular, las palabras también pueden ser una forma de reconocimiento y usarse como réplica.
Mostrando hábilmente cómo el poder subversivo del lenguaje reside en su naturaleza insubordinada y dinámica y en su capacidad para hacer suyas y desactivar palabras que normalmente hieren, Butler también trata de explicar por qué algunos discursos cuya finalidad es claramente el odio se consideran icónicos de la libertad de expresión, mientras que otras formas se someten más fácilmente a la censura.
A la luz de los debates actuales entre los defensores de la libertad de expresión y la cultura de la cancelación, el mensaje de Palabras que hieren es más relevante ahora que nunca.
Judith Butler is an American philosopher, feminist, and queer theorist whose work has profoundly shaped gender studies, political philosophy, ethics, psychoanalysis, and literary theory. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, to a Hungarian-Jewish and Russian-Jewish family, Butler was raised in a Jewish cultural and ethical environment that fostered an early engagement with philosophy, ethics, and questions of identity, attending Hebrew school and specialized ethics classes as a teenager. They studied philosophy at Bennington College before transferring to Yale University, where they earned a BA in 1978 and a PhD in 1984, focusing on German idealism, phenomenology, and French theory, including Hegel, Sartre, and Kojève. Butler taught at Wesleyan University, George Washington University, and Johns Hopkins University before joining the University of California, Berkeley in 1993, where they co-founded the Program in Critical Theory, served as Maxine Elliot Professor, directed the International Consortium of Critical Theory, and also hold the Hannah Arendt Chair at the European Graduate School. Butler is best known for Gender Trouble and Bodies That Matter, works in which they introduced the theory of gender performativity, arguing that gender is constituted through repeated social acts rather than a fixed identity, a concept that became foundational in feminist and queer theory. They have also published Excitable Speech, examining hate speech and censorship, Precarious Life, analyzing vulnerability and political violence, Undoing Gender, on the social construction of sexual norms, Giving an Account of Oneself, exploring ethical responsibility and the limits of self-knowledge, and Notes Toward a Performative Theory of Assembly, addressing public protest and collective action, while their 2020 book, The Force of Nonviolence, emphasizes ethical engagement in social and political struggles. Butler has engaged in global activism, supporting LGBTQIA rights, opposing anti-gender ideology, advocating for Palestinian rights, critiquing aspects of contemporary Israeli policy, and participating in movements such as Occupy Wall Street, while navigating controversies including critiques of their comments on Hamas and Hezbollah, debates over TERF ideology, and disputes over the Adorno Prize, illustrating the intersections of their scholarship and public interventions. Their work extends into ethical theory, exploring vulnerability, interdependence, mourning, and the recognition of marginalized lives, as well as the performative dimensions of identity and the social construction of sex and gender. They have influenced contemporary feminist, queer, and critical theory, cultural studies, and continental philosophy, shaping debates on gender, sexuality, power, and social justice, while also participating in public discourse and advocacy around education, political violence, and anti-discrimination. Butler is legally non-binary in California, uses they/them pronouns, identifies as a lesbian, and lives in Berkeley with their partner Wendy Brown and their son.