This is sure to be one of my favorite books of the year, and if you’re a Tim Keller fan you’re going to want to read it. Like CS Lewis, Keller has written many books that will be treasured by Christians for generations to come. Indeed, until his recent death many regarded Keller as the current-day CS Lewis because of his ability to distill complex theological ideas into more accessible forms without oversimplifying.
Smethurst has done fantastic work here compiling and categorizing Keller’s insights on topics he frequently addressed, expounding on his common themes, and showing the influences behind his thinking.
Rather than attempt to paraphrase these thoughts I’m just going to list the chapter titles and paste in some relevant passages:
One Hero
Jesus Christ in All Scripture
Fresh out of college, Keller was a fairly new Christian for whom the Old Testament was rather "confusing and off-putting." Motyer was visiting from England and fielding questions when someone asked about the relationship between Old Testament Israelites and Christians today. He imparted an illustration that always stayed with Keller. Asking the group to imagine how the Israelites under Moses would have given their "testimony," Motyer suggested it would sound something like this:
“We were in a foreign land, in bondage, under the sentence of death. But our mediator—the one who stands between us and God—came to us with the promise of deliverance. We trusted in the promises of God, took shelter under the blood of the lamb, and he led us out.
“Now we are on the way to the Promised Land. We are not there yet, of course, but we have the law to guide us, and through blood sacrifice we also have his presence in our midst. So he will stay with us until we get to our true country, our everlasting home.”
Motyer's conclusion—that a Christian today could "say the same thing, almost word for word" —left Keller "thunderstruck." The thought experiment brought Keller to an astounding recalculation: not only had the Israelites been saved by grace, not works, but "God's salvation had been by costly atonement ... all along.”
Excavating Sin
A Tale of Disordered Loves
Sin is what's wrong with the world. Sin is what's wrong with our hearts. Welcome, class, to Christianity 101.
One of Keller's shrewdest contributions is the distinction between visible "surface idols" and the invisible "deep idols" that power them.
The heart's idolatry structure is complex because counterfeit gods tend to come in clusters; therefore, our analysis will remain superficial without this distinction. Surface idols are things, such as money or work or children or sex, "through which our deep idols seek fulfillment." Deep idols, meanwhile, are things such as approval, power, comfort, or control. Our deep idols are propelling the surface idols we serve.
We think idols will deliver joy, but instead they dismantle it. Looking to a created thing for what only God can give is a well-trodden path to pain. Only he is big enough to bear the weight of our deepest hopes and fears. This means we must train our hearts to derive joy from him—from the real God—more than from rival gods.
According to Keller, we need to look up from an idol and say, "Jesus, you are my justifier, not this. You are my peace, not this. You are my master, not this. You are my Savior, not this." The exercise is not cold or clinical; it's a drama of omnipotent love. "Haven't you cared for somebody so much and seen that person in love with somebody who is abusing them?" Keller asks. "That's how God sees you. He sees you in the arms of the idols." No wonder Scripture often describes God as jealous. He loves us too much to be anything less. His jealousy is not insecurity; it's protecting us from what will never fulfill us.
Former generations in Western society believed it was most important for someone to be a good person. Today in the West, our values have shifted, and our cultural narrative tells us it is most important to be a free person. The biblical theme of idolatry challenges contemporary people precisely at that point. It shows them that, paradoxically, if they don't serve God, they are not, and can never be, as free as they aspire to be.
Three Ways to Live
Why Religion Needs Grace
Paul in fact shows there are two general ways, not one, that humans tend to resist and reject God's loving authority.
The first is obvious: unapologetic idolatry (Rom. 1:18-32). I live for myself, and I'm proud of it. The second way, though, is more subtle: religious hypocrisy (Rom. 2:1-29). I live for myself, and nobody can find out. In other words, you can avoid God through immorality, but you can also avoid God through performative morality.
Each brother in the parable [of the Prodigal Son] represents "a different way to be alienated from God"'— and both ways are strikingly resonant with the late-modern West. Keller dubs the approaches "the way of moral conformity and the way of self-discovery." In fact, he observes, Western culture is "so deeply divided between these two approaches that it's difficult to imagine an alternative option:
If you criticize or distance yourself from one, everyone assumes you have chosen to follow the other, because each of these approaches tends to divide the whole world into two basic groups. The moral conformists say: "The immoral people—the people who ‘do their own thing'— are the problem with the world, and moral people are the solution." The advocates of self-discovery say: "The bigoted people— the people who say, ‘We have the Truth'—are the problem with the world, and progressive people are the solution.”
Both the legalist and the antinomian, notes Keller, participate in "the same incomprehension of the joy of obedience—they see obedience as something imposed on us by a God whose love is conditional and who is unwilling to give us blessing unless we do quite a lot of work. The only difference is that the legalist wearily assumes the burden, while the antinomian refuses it and casts it off."
Friends on Purpose
How the Gospel Transforms Relationships
When Faith Goes to Work
Serving God and Others in Your Job
Do Justice, Love Mercy
Embodying the Compassion of the King
Answering Heaven
How Prayer Unlocks Intimacy with God
“God will either give you what you ask for or give you what you would have asked for if you knew what he knows.”
The Painful Gift
How Suffering Drives Us into God's Heart
For years Keller loved to paraphrase the seventeenth-century poet George Herbert: "Death used to be an executioner, but the gospel has made him just a gardener." In other words, Keller insisted, "All death can now do to Christians is to make their lives infinitely better."