Most scholars who study memory believe that people in different cultures have different ways of remembering. this assumption implies that it should be possible to write a history of memory. outlines of such a history can be found in various modern theories of memory, which often contain a macro-historical component. Jacques le Goff distinguished five phases in the history of memory in the West, in which ‘free, creative and vital’ memory over time became ‘exteriorised’.1 Pierre nora famously argued that ‘milieux de mémoire’ had given way to ‘lieux de mémoire’.2 aleida and Jan assmann have connected media revolutions to the emergence of new forms of cultural memory, while students of nationalism like Benedict anderson and eric hobsbawm saw the combined forces of literacy, political change, mass media, secularization and capitalism as the motor behind the emergence of new approaches to the past.3 Increasingly, memory theories also have a ‘futurist’ component—it is alleged that postmodernity, globalization and/or the information revolution are creating changes that might lead to a new transformation of memory as we know it.