Worldwide, half a million people die from air pollution each year-more than perish in all wars combined. One in every five mammal species on the planet is threatened with extinction. Our climate is warming, our forests are in decline, and every day we hear news of the latest ecological crisis. What will it really take to move society onto a more sustainable path? Many of us are already doing the "little things" to help the earth, like recycling or buying organic produce. These are important steps-but they're not enough.
In Who Rules the Earth?, Paul Steinberg, a leading scholar of environmental politics, shows that the shift toward a sustainable world requires modifying the very rules that guide human behavior and shape the ways we interact with the earth. We know these rules by familiar names like city codes, product design standards, business contracts, public policies, cultural norms, and national constitutions. Though these rules are largely invisible, their impact across the planet has been dramatic. By changing the rules, Ontario, Canada has cut the levels of pesticides in its waterways in half. The city of Copenhagen has adopted new planning codes that will reduce its carbon footprint to zero by 2025. In the United States, a handful of industry mavericks designed new rules to promote greener buildings, and transformed the world's largest industry into a more sustainable enterprise.
Steinberg takes the reader on a series of journeys, from a familiar walk on the beach to a remote village deep in the jungles of Peru, helping the reader to "see" the social rules that pattern our physical reality and showing why these are the big levers that will ultimately determine the health of our planet. By unveiling the influence of social rules at all levels of society-from private property to government policy, and from the rules governing our oceans to the dynamics of innovation and change within corporations and communities- Who Rules the Earth? is essential reading for anyone who understands that sustainability is not just a personal choice, but a political struggle.
Paul F. Steinberg is the Malcolm Lewis Professor of Sustainability and Society and Professor of Political Science and Environmental Policy at Harvey Mudd College. His work explores the political and institutional dimensions of sustainability in diverse countries around the globe, with a particular emphasis on biodiversity conservation and developing countries.
If you want to change the world, change the rules! recycling is not enough, we need to make the law to forbid certain usage of materials which ruin the environment. Politicians are not knowledgeable enough to realize how this planet earth is damaged if they made the wrong decision. They don't know the rules they passed are shaping the world. The author collected a lot of evidences on how policies made by politicians in different countries could made the environmental impacts so largely different, such as the usage of pesticides (in US vs. EU). He gave the examples of how EU has been different and working positively on protecting environments. (Which is true if you realized how strict the laws in EU on many issues such GMO, pesticide, chemistry in cosmetics...etc)
At this moment, US is fighting hard against covid-19. In my wildest dream could i have, a country that possesses the most destructive weapons / automatic drones to destroy the earthings all over for 7 times, could be this vulnerable and in shortage on its public health equipment. It's very sad to see where all the money goes doesn't effectively help create the real good things to the humankind, animals, nor environment. As the most intelligent species, we should be really ashamed.
In this book, Steinberg[1] discusses the importance of both formal and informal rules in determining environmental policy. Although policy and social norms may not seem like particularly glamorous topics, they directly impact environmental outcomes. Early in the book, he explores this concretely by looking at how different policies impact the locations on the migration route of the environmentally threatened cerulean warbler.
Rules are all around us. Even when we think we are at our most free—on our own property or in the wilderness, perhaps—that freedom is mediated by a web of rules which define and implement property rights. These rules may sometimes seem like they are as fundamental laws of nature, but they differ from nation to nation and change within nations over time. Rules can be changed.
But should rules be changed? Perhaps we live in the best of all feasible worlds. Perhaps we have already found the best compromise between many competing possibilities. Steinberg discusses multiple reasons, including incomplete information and the challenge of collection action problems, which indicate that there is good reason to believe that we can improve the rules of the Earth.
How can rules be changed? One of the most important points of leverage for change is nations. Nations remain the primary source of rules over most of the land on earth. However, they are not the only source of relevant rules. Supra-national sources of rules from international treaties to makers of more enforceable rules such as the EU also have important rule making power. And more and more, we are seeing power decentralized to local communities, both rural and urban. Anyone who wants to achieve incremental change needs to think vertically and understand how they can change rules at all of the relevant levels.
Changing the rules is not enough though. The formal rules of society are built on top of informal norms and routines. To maintain social change, formal rules need to be changed side-by-side with changing the minds of those in society and the routines of the institutions that impact the implementation and enforcement of those rules. This requires building broad coalitions which include those who support the rules for the "wrong" reasons.
However, rule makers should consider how permanent they want rules to be. Today's innovative rule becomes tomorrow's obsolete constraint. Rule makers should consider a hierarchy of permanence for rules and build in flexibility for rules which may need to change as the world around them changes.
Finally, the book discusses the idea of super rules. Changing the rules directly is not always the most effective way to enact change. Super rules are the rules that control how rules are made. It can be easier to change the super rules than to change a rule to directly get a desired effect. However, changing super rules also have broader effects, so they can be harder to control. What, concretely, are examples of super rules? Two examples are changing how decisions are made and changing who is involved in decision making. For examples, rules allowing citizens to act as environmental monitors bring a broader set of stakeholders to bear on looking for environmental misbehavior but also open the door to potentially spurious legal challenges. (That particular example seems to have been a net good though!)
Overall, this book was a fascinating look at environmental policy from a systems thinking lens. I recommend it to anyone who is interested in how to effectively advocate for change in environmental policies. I also recommend it to those who are interested in systems thinking and want to see it applied in a a concrete context.
[1] Disclosure: I took a class from Steinberg my senior year of college.
"To bring about lasting change requires modifying the very rules that societies live by."
He's not wrong. We recycle, bike to work, make responsible consumer choices. And those are good decisions. But they're not the only ones we need to make. We need to change the super rules to make broader changes for the better. Every country, city, and state are different. It's a challenge to change the rules because there's no one size fits all solution. I really enjoyed this foray into the world of rules, society, and decision making. I definitely learned a lot and am inspired to continue making the good individual choices but to also try to make the bigger changes to the rules we live by.
Who Rules the Earth? is a misleading title. I remember requesting (or was it on Read Now? I don't remember) it thinking it would be about sociology (yes, I don't always read blurbs. Shame on me), so I was a little disappointed when I realized it was talking about pollution and such. It also talks about environmental politics, but it wasn't enough for me to keep reading during the time. Hey - everybody makes mistakes.
The book is entertaining and informative; definitely worth my time and yours too. Granted, I would enjoy it more if it didn't have formatting issues and missing letters/letter combinations (I had an ARC; that probably isn't a problem with the real copies), but it was readable nonetheless. I would recommend it.