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A Brief Refutation of Middle Knowledge
In this theological treatise, renowned Dominican theologian Fr. Charles-René Billuart, O.P. (1685–1757), systematically dismantles the doctrine of Middle Knowledge (scientia media), famously introduced by Jesuit theologian Fr. Luis de Molina.
Billuart, a prominent representative of the Thomist tradition, presents clear and methodical arguments against the Molinist claim that God possesses a distinct category of knowledge by which He foresees conditional free acts of created wills independent of His own divine decrees. Drawing extensively from St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, Billuart demonstrates how the Molinist theory of Middle Knowledge undermines the classical understanding of divine providence, human free will, and predestination.
Billuart, a prominent representative of the Thomist tradition, presents clear and methodical arguments against the Molinist claim that God possesses a distinct category of knowledge by which He foresees conditional free acts of created wills independent of His own divine decrees. Drawing extensively from St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas, Billuart demonstrates how the Molinist theory of Middle Knowledge undermines the classical understanding of divine providence, human free will, and predestination.
106 pages, Paperback
Published May 13, 2025
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