倫敦超展開: 維多利亞時代的城市革命與日常生活

by Michael Alpert, 鄭天恩 (Translator), 麥可‧艾爾珀特

■光與影交錯的倫敦，工業革命的心臟
在維多利亞時代，倫敦經歷了史上最劇烈的變革，塑造了今日這座現代化大都會的基礎。鐵路興建、街道鋪設、醫療進步、衛生條件改善……技術創新為城市帶來繁榮，卻也讓社會底層面臨前所未有的挑戰。

《維多利亞時代倫敦的日常生活》帶領讀者穿梭於一八三七至一八五○年代的倫敦，不僅描繪了街頭的熱鬧與混亂，更生動再現了當時倫敦市民的日常。透過大量第一手資料與豐富的歷史敘述，本書讓維多利亞時代的倫敦栩栩如生——煤氣燈下的華麗櫥窗、貧民窟裡的惡臭水溝、鐵路站台上的匆忙人群，甚至是報童的吆喝聲與市場攤販的叫賣聲，皆如歷史長卷般展開。

■超展開的時代，城市變革下的倫敦日常生活
這是一個充滿矛盾與衝突的時代，科技創新與社會問題並行，傳統價值與現代思維相互拉扯。當倫敦市民奮力適應這場城市革命，他們的每一天，都是歷史的一部分。

●城市的變遷與科技的發展——鐵路與電報如何縮短了距離？煤氣燈照亮街道，如何改變了夜晚的倫敦？

●貧民與富人的對比——社會底層如何掙扎求生？中產階級如何逐漸崛起？維多利亞時代的倫敦，既有紙醉金迷的上流社會，也有極度貧困的「鴉巢」（rookeries）。

●飲食與消費文化——牡蠣曾是最平價的庶民食物，啤酒與杜松子酒為何成為倫敦人日常消費的一部分？街頭小販販售草莓、牛骨湯，甚至收集狗糞賣給皮革工廠？

●犯罪與治安的變革——警察制度初建時，市民為何強烈反對？「偵探」（detectives）這個詞彙何時出現？曼寧夫婦的謀殺案如何成為倫敦社會的焦點？

●娛樂與文化生活——市民如何在報紙與小說中尋找樂趣？戲劇、音樂與舞蹈如何影響社會風尚？維多利亞時代的倫敦不僅是工作與生存的戰場，也是一座充滿娛樂的城市。

■一部讓十九世紀倫敦「活起來」的精彩作品
本書不僅是一部關於維多利亞時代的社會史，更是一場充滿感官體驗的時空旅程。艾爾珀特（Michael Alpert）透過細膩的筆觸與豐富的第一手資料，讓讀者聞得到街頭的氣味、聽得見市場的喧囂、感受到時代的脈動。

無論是歷史愛好者、小說家、學者，或只是對十九世紀倫敦充滿好奇的讀者，本書皆提供了一個深入了解倫敦如何從傳統都市轉型為現代大都會的絕佳視角。

這是一部關於普通人如何在時代變遷中生存與奮鬥的故事，是一本讓倫敦真正「活起來」的歷史普及作品。當我們見到維多利亞時代倫敦的超展開之姿，便能真正理解今日都市文明的起源與代價。

Genres: Nonfiction, History, Historical

303 pages, Kindle Edition

First published June 30, 2023

Reviews

[Nataliya · Rating 4 out of 5]

There are two sides to learning about historical eras: events/dates of historical events and then what everyday life was to give a senses of actual life happening around the events and dates. It’s the fascination of the questions of how it actually was compared to how we think it was.

Victorian London is not uncommon of a setting for literature - both historical and speculative fiction set in Victorian-inspired worlds, and so I wasn’t going to bypass the chance to read this book.

Set in the years between 1837 and early 1850s, it captures the world transitioning to a more modern and industrial society in some ways (railways, telegraph, stamps, anesthesia, modern police force, gas for lighting and cooking, cheap books and newspapers) but in others remaining a dark cesspit of history (cholera outbreaks, lack of sanitation and proper sewer systems, rampant prostitution, workhouses and slums, mistrust of foreigners and other religions).

Alpert right from the introduction warns the reader that the focus will not be not necessarily comprehensive but rather aimed towards the topics he finds interesting. It’s focused on middle and lower middle class, although extreme poverty is also described. A lot of it touches upon the murder trial of the Manning couple and for many things he uses Charles Dickens as a source.

“A working man, earning his fifteen shillings to a pound a week in 1841, drank a mere pint of beer a day, but even this cost one shilling and twopence a week. Some families spent over 20 per cent of their income on drink.”

Food is a big topic (oysters were cheap, salads were avoided and sugar and alcohol ran aplenty, and poor people bought more prepared food as they lacked time and facilities for cooking), and so is transportation - from cabbies to omnibuses to eventual railways. Rent was already too expensive (that has not changed much). Cheaper clothes that were not tailor-made but not cast-offs from the rich were entering the scene.

Slums - the “rookeries” with incredible overcrowding and appalling poverty, lack of sanitation and rampant diseases, with sewage running down the middle of the streets and stench filling the areas - were sad reality.

“Unaired rooms, persistent damp, people living hugger-mugger and the lack of washing and drainage facilities encouraged unsanitary habits and made respiratory illness, bronchitis and intestinal infections prevalent. Diarrhoea, frequently stated as the cause of infant death, came from poor food hygiene and the spread of infection from unwashed hands. There were no facilities for handwashing after using the privy, and it is doubtful if people knew that they should do so before touching other people’s food, or putting their fingers into their own mouths. At the same time, the lack of adequate roughage in the diet and the sheer unpleasantness of visiting the privy in the cold and rain led to constipation.”

Cholera was killing left and right until people caught on that excrement does not mix well with drinking water — but even then sanitation measures were met with the same resistance as vaccines are by some today.

“Excrement and urine ran down the gutter in the middle of the street until it was stopped up in a court or an alley. Faeces oozed up through the shallow foundations of houses. The soil of London was sodden with filth.”

Crime led to eventual creation of police force and detectives were added eventually, and played a big part in solving the gruesome murder by the Manning couple — the criminal case which clearly fascinates the author. And gruesome spectacle of public execution as entertainment was still very much present.

“Attitudes towards official interference, even for the benefit of the public in controlling the adulteration of food and drink, as well as the purity of the water supply, were seen as intolerable Continental-style snooping on the individual free British citizen. It is hard to understand why the uniformed French inspectors who checked the weight of Parisian bakers’ loaves were held up as examples of the police state that might come about in Britain if people were not vigilant, until one takes into account how unpopular even the idea of a patrolling police force was before people grew accustomed to seeing the constables.”

But there was also room for fun. Plays and music, and even dancing — even such seeming immodesty as polka. Books and newspapers, panoramas,”exotic” exhibits and the Great Exhibition of 1851 — there was some entertainment to be had.

“Vauxhall Gardens was forced to halve its admission charge. It was certainly going down market, despite its flashy attractions. It had become a magnet for the yob clientele and for young men on the prowl for girls who were happy to be whirled around shrieking in the disreputable new dance, the polka, in which the man, disgracefully, in the eyes of many, held his female partner around her waist.”

It was quite interesting, although at some point I would have been ok not seeing more mentions of the Mannings and Dickens.

3.5-4 stars, rounding up.

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Thanks to NetGalley and Pen & Sword History for providing me with a digital ARC in exchange for an honest review.

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Also posted on my blog.

[Alison Liparoto · Rating 4 out of 5]

I enjoyed this book a lot. I liked reading about the details of what it was like to live in Victorian London. I found this very interesting as I read books about that time, but it's fiction so they usually don't have what it was like for the majority of people in the day to day. There was a good amount of information around food, to which I learned a great deal and many other topics that explain life in early Victorian London. There was so much happening and so much change during the periods talked about in this book; it is so fascinating to see a more in depth look into living at that time. I think fans of history (especially of this specific time period) will enjoy this book if they are looking for a broad overview at life in Victorian times, since this does cover a lot of topics.


Thanks to NetGalley and Pen & Sword History for providing me with a digital ARC in exchange for an honest review.

[Louis Muñoz · Rating 4 out of 5]

4 stars. A great "deep dive" into what life was like in early Victorian London without either romanticizing the period or feeling like a professor's overstuffed history lesson. Granted, I'm a sucker for history and was eager to know more about this period, so I'm biased, but I think many "general readers" will enjoy this book as well.

Many thanks to NetGalley and the publisher for a digital ARC of this book in exchange for my honest review.

[Lauren · Rating 3 out of 5]

I enjoyed a lot of this. It was a good way to get an overview of how many people experience life during the Victorian period in London. However, this covered a lot of broad parts of life, and some of the subtopics were more interesting to me than others.

Also, Dickens was cited as a source an exceptionally large amount of times. At one point, I did a search on my Kindle for "Dickens," and it appeared over 150 times in this relatively short book. Nothing wrong with that, but I did find it a little amusing. I do wonder how much differently the book would have been if it had been framed as "Living in Charles Dickens' London."

Would recommend if you're interested in a variety of topics about Victorian London or using this as a reference for specific facets of life.

Thanks to NetGalley for this ARC!

[Normani Ding · Rating 5 out of 5]

{中文實體書}倫敦超展開：維多利亞時代的城市革命與日常生活
太好看~~如果說漫遊系列是偏向有趣並更詳細的說到英國不同時期的食衣住行，那這本書就是化繁為簡，濃縮的其中的精華，讓人想不停的看下去，想要看作者對其他歷史時期的描述~~

有一些片段讓我非常驚訝😮像是~~【令人作嘔的惡臭】這段 (p.104)
|數世紀以來，有數以千計的屍體被埋葬在倫敦的教堂墓地...每一層屍體都要花費7年時間去腐爛，但是新的墓葬遠超過腐壞了速率。...甚至是在寒冷的冬天，墓地的泥土也不會凍結，因為整個墓園都被遺體的油脂給浸透了。|

p.69-70 食物的造假😯

[Zeb Kantrowitz · Rating 4 out of 5]

Starting just after Victoria comes to the throne (1837), through the period of the Crimean War (1853), London grew exponentially as the "Empire on which the sun never set". The lifeblood of commerce flowed into the docks of the Thames bringing prosperity to the middle class and the rich. London became the largest, richest and most populous World City.

The beginning of the book is very pedestrian as the following subjects are discussed (and make up the titles of the early chapters) a woman's place, what people wore, ate, shopped and where they lived. After a discussion of the lack of health care (diseases were still blamed on 'miasma'), housing and class differences.

Now the story picks up with discussion of the changes to communications with the introduction of train mail, and telegraphs. With more money and leisure, entertainment became part of everyday life. With more money in circulation, criminals got more blatant in robbery and theft. The first modern police force was instituted in 1929 by Robert Peel. The increase in Policing led to the expansion of trials and court cases, leading to the growth in the use of incarceration or people being transported to Australia.

Well done and documented, a three to the beginning and a 4.5 for the second half.

[Vintagebooklvr · Rating 4 out of 5]

An interesting look into many different aspects of the lives of the "common" people in Early Victorian London. This includes women's role, what they eat, how it was cooked, entertainment, social classes, transportation, communication, police, and health care among others. It gives you a real look into one of the most populated cities in the world at that time and not just how everyone lived together but how they lived period.

It is nice to see a history that doesn't just focus on the elite or the middleclass but on the majority of the people and how things were changing in this period. It includes things that you might not of known where to get the information from before and probably some areas of life you might not have even thought to think about.

Thanks to Netgalley and the publisher for an ARC in exchange for an honest review.

[CPE · Rating 4 out of 5]

Michael Alpert states in the preface to Living in Early Victorian London, “My choice of what to describe about the lives of ordinary lower middle-class Londoners is inevitably arbitrary.” That is completely fair – Professor Alpert is writing the book that he wants to write – but not strictly accurate. The author writes comprehensively about all the aspects of Victorian London life that I’d expect to see in a book like this, covering the period 1837 to the 1850s. That is, from the coronation of Queen Victoria to just before the Crimean War. It covers food and drink; dress; housing; communications (transport, telegraph, post); shopping; education; and many other topics.

Although Charles Dickens is mentioned (and quoted) many times, the author draws upon an impressive variety of sources. Just choosing five pages of the chapter on Communications, for example, we have Dickens, Thackeray (two novels), Punch, Disraeli, Melville, Ventura de la Vega, the Quarterly Review and Thomas Arnold.

Alpert uses Frederick and Maria Manning to illustrate many points. They murdered Patrick O’Connor in 1849 and were caught by Scotland Yard’s use of the telegraph. The reports of the court case inform us about the area in which they lived; their lifestyle; what they ate; and how Maria Manning dressed. Although I must admit to getting a little fed up of the Mannings by the end of the book, as a post-graduate history student, I do admire the way in which the author has used the comprehensive coverage of one event and its background to illustrate so many aspects of Victorian life. I hope I’ll be able to write so skilfully.

Whinges? The chapters are crammed with information and it is a very dense read. Don’t expect to read the whole book in a couple of evenings! Alpert also refers to Euston Square Station (a London Underground station opened in 1863 by the Metropolitan Railway as Gower Street) on two occasions where I think he means Euston Station (a mainline station built by the London and Birmingham railway, later the LNWR). Finally, Alpert mentions the type of beer known as porter and says it was later called stout. I’m not sure that “later called stout” is correct. I believe that some brewers created a stronger version of their normal porters and called it “stout porter” with the “porter” part of the name later being dropped. There was thus a period when stout and porter coexisted as (slightly) different drinks.

I’m not quite sure who the intended audience is for this book. It’s invaluable for a novelist wanted to set a novel in that period but it’s perhaps too dense for a casual reader wanting to get a flavour of Victorian life, while not specialist enough for a historian. I can strongly recommend it to anyone wanting a detailed picture of London life in the 1830s-1850s and who has a long attention span. I would love to see a companion volume covering the same period but focussed upon life outside London.

#LivinginEarlyVictorianLondon #NetGalley

[Anne Morgan · Rating 4 out of 5]

An interesting and detailed book about daily life in the early part of Victorian London, before sewer systems and indoor plumbing, before the tube, before so many things that people today take for granted. It was both fascinating and appalling to read the (very) detailed unsanitary conditions that almost everyone- but especially the poor- lived in and the resulting health issues. But the book covers more than that: the development of the omnibus, the Great Exhibition and the Crystal Palace, food, work, the development of middle-class strict morality that now we consider classically "Victorian."

The author wove through the book the middle-class couple Frederick and Maria Manning, a couple whose belongings we have great details about, and then ends the book with the details of their murder of her friend/lover and how the new detective force used the latest technology to catch them. It was an interesting way to do it and I think generally it worked, although sometimes it seemed a bit stretched, and if you didn't already know their story I can see how it might annoy you.

Overall you can tell a great deal of research went into this book, but it is presented in a very readable style. Plenty of factoids in here I'm going to wish I could recall off the top of my head later on! I definitely recommend this to people interested in learning about the development of London in the early to middle part of the 1800s.

I received an ARC of this book from NetGalley in exchange for an honest review

[Debbie · Rating 4 out of 5]

"Living in Early Victorian London" described life in London between 1837 and the early 1850s. The author started by using journals and articles from the time to describe London, from the docks to the richer areas to the slums. The book was loosely organized around the trial records of a certain murder. Some of the details about dress, food, furnishings, etc. come from court trial records, but also newspaper ads, diaries, and fiction written at the time. The book covered a wide variety of topics and included details about things like how much different jobs might earn compared to how much certain items cost. It covered things like what types of food or housing a poor laborer could afford compared to the middle class, second-hand clothing, sanitary conditions and sickness, the mail system, transportation, education, police, crime, and trials.

It's full of interesting information, but I sometimes felt like I'd need to use a search function to find things in the future since the author tended to jump around within a chapter. Overall, I'd recommend this book to those wanting details about London for novel research or those just plain curious.

I received an ebook review copy of this book from the publisher through NetGalley.

[Samantha · Rating 4 out of 5]

A fascinating book looking at living in early Victorian London, from the clothes they wore, the working docks, jobs that were available to the sewage in the streets, and the Thames before sewers were built.

It's all intermingled with a criminal murder case, which for me at times threw me off the descriptions as it suddenly appeared in the middle of the chapter again - would have preferred those sections to have been in perhaps italics so as not to throw me off my stride.

I received this book from Netgalley for an honest review.

[Annarella · Rating 5 out of 5]

I liked reading social history book and this one was entertaining and informative. The Early Victorian world was quite bleak for all those who were poor and not the best place for women.
I appreciated the details and I learned a lot.
Highly recommended.
Many thanks to the publisher for this arc, all opinions are mine

[Kerrific Kerr · Rating 4 out of 5]

Great collection of quotes about historical London with context provided. Very interesting to get a glimpse into the past and see what London was like during the Victorian period.