Jacques Rancière's first major work, <em>Althusser's Lesson</em> appeared in 1974, just as the energies of May 68 were losing ground to the calls for a return to order. Rancière's analysis of Althusserian Marxism unfolds against this background: what is the relationship between the return to order and the enthusiasm which greeted the publication of Althusser's <em>Reply to John Lewis</em> in 1973? How to explain the rehabilitation of a philosophy that had been declared ‘dead and buried on the barricades of May 68'? What had changed? The answer to this question takes the form of a genealogy of Althusserianism that is, simultaneously, an account of the emergence of militant student movements in the ‘60s, of the arrival of Maoism in France, and of how May 68 rearranged all the pieces anew. Encompassing the book's distinctive combination of theoretical analysis and historical description is a question that has guided Rancière's thought ever since: how do theories of subversion become the rationale for order? >
Jacques Rancière (born Algiers, 1940) is a French philosopher and Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Paris (St. Denis) who came to prominence when he co-authored Reading Capital (1968), with the Marxist philosopher Louis Althusser.
Rancière contributed to the influential volume Reading "Capital" (though his contribution is not contained in the partial English translation) before publicly breaking with Althusser over his attitude toward the May 1968 student uprising in Paris. Since then, Rancière has departed from the path set by his teacher and published a series of works probing the concepts that make up our understanding of political discourse. What is ideology? What is the proletariat? Is there a working class? And how do these masses of workers that thinkers like Althusser referred to continuously enter into a relationship with knowledge? We talk about them but what do we know? An example of this line of thinking is Rancière's book entitled Le philosophe et ses pauvres (The Philosopher and His Poor, 1983), a book about the role of the poor in the intellectual lives of philosophers.
Most recently Rancière has written on the topic of human rights and specifically the role of international human rights organizations in asserting the authority to determine which groups of people — again the problem of masses — justify human rights interventions, and even war.
In 2006, it was reported that Rancière's aesthetic theory had become a point of reference in the visual arts, and Rancière has lectured at such art world events as the Freize Art Fair. Former French presidential candidate Ségolène Royal has cited Rancière as her favourite philosopher.
I enjoyed Ranciere's lashing of Althusser's dogmatism in its historical context.
"That was the purpose of the double operation performed here upon an exemplary discourse of this sort: to re-inscribe it in its history, that is, in the system of practical and discursive constraints that allowed it to be uttered at all; and to surprise its articulation by forcing it to answer other questions than those posed by the complacent partners it had picked out for itself, and by reinserting its argumentation into the concatenation of words used, now as in the past, to articulate both the inevitability of oppression and the hopes for liberation. This was not a refutation – it is useless to refute dogmatism – but a staging designed to jam the functioning of one of the many academic Marxists discourses currently occupying our theoretical space to reveal how that discourse cloaks its consecration of the existing order in the language of revolution. In so doing, we wanted to echo the expressions through which the struggles and questions of our present seek to give voice to a new freedom" (p.123).
In other words, 'without revolutionary theory there can be no revolutionary practice'; but cut off from revolutionary practice, there is no revolutionary theory that is not transformed into its opposite - academic 'class struggle in theory' or "to interpret the world so as not to have to change it" (p.115).
A Great book on the May student movement in France. A strong critique of Althusserianism. Takes on class struggle, notion of history, and France between Maoism and the Soviet Union. A crucial read in structuralism and the deconstruct of the university/establishment
Un peu perdu dans les questions historiques qui sont pas toujours bien contextualisées mais les critiques de la notion d’idéologie chez Althusser sont vraiment riches
One of the worst turncoats to walk the earth, traitor '68er, a disgusting smear campaign polemic against Althusser and almost as significant as the Frankfurt School in leading the left astray. Forget Ranciere and the sexo-leftist syndicalists of '68, if I could give this book zero, or minus stars, I would. Not even worth using as bog roll.
Jacques Rancière (b.1940) was a student and colleague of Louis Althusser (1918 - 1990). This book is one of his earliest and describes with some vigour his differences with Althusser and the French Communist establishment. Rancière rejects the elitism and authoritarianism of Althusser whilst having to take account of the influence of his ‘grandeloquence’. Althusser and his pals ‘decree from their armchairs’ and under Althusser’s influence Marxist discourse became a ‘discourse of order', nothing but a philosophy of recuperation. p.120 & p.113. “Althusser tips his hat in tribute to the workers movement, only the better to wash his hands of empirical workers” p.80. Althusser’s influence, apart from being part of the elite French ENS school system, was because of his position in the main French communist party, the PCF, which he joined in 1948 and which had millions of people voting for it. After Stalin’s death in 1953 and Krushchev’s de-Stalinisation from 1956, which, after the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 ushered in a policy of ‘peaceful co-existence’ with West. Western communist parties had to adjust to this shift and to the Sino-Soviet split. Althusser was, in France, the man of the moment. He took on the mission of ‘theorising’ these developments. Not challenging the politics of the party, whilst arguing in philosophically abstruse terms for a development of a more ‘rational’ communism. Rancière thinks this was simply twisting arguments to ensure the survival of the basic principles of bourgeois ideology. Rancière indicts him with a ‘spontaneous’ revisionism. I take this use of ‘spontaneous’ to mean that his deep bourgeois values lead him intuitively to a complex double-speak that sounds reasonable, and even revolutionary, but is actually a return to same old, same old. Althusser was against the spontaneous, emotional and naive student revolts of Paris 68. For Althusser if there is to be any spontaneous struggle it must come from the workers. The workers job is to struggle, but not to think. “History is only made through the mediation of intellectuals” p.11 Rancière disagrees with the idea that revolutionary theory is a job reserved for professors whilst workers are not to be given the capacity for thought. This accords with my own realisation that the denial of a thinking capacity is at the heart of class oppression. We can see how profoundly these ideas influence Rancière’s future projects. “The only song that the bourgeois has ever sung to workers is the song of their impotence…” p.90 “The ideological power of the bourgeoisie is not the power of economic and humanism. [as Althusser claims] It is the power to dispossess worker of their intelligence, to mutilate their capacities, to conform them with a science that has been moved entirely to the side of ‘the powers of production’.” p.101 (See also footnote 19 p.160) The university is tied up with the historical bondage of academia to humanism. In spite of being ascribed with the invention of the term ‘ideological state apparatus’ Althusser does not challenge the institution from which he speaks and which he is reliant on. “Fundamentally, Althusserianism is a theory of education, and every theory of education is committed to preserving the power is seeks to bring to light.” p.52 See more of my review at: http://stefan-szczelkun.blogspot.co.u...
You read the Ideological State Apparatuses essay, and you think it's perfect. With a lucidity unusual even for his milieu, Althusser explains—often with seductive clarity—why the base/superstructure model is obsolete, how a plurality of ISAs sustains the monolithic RSA, and how you are an always-already subject. Everything seems airtight.
But under that sheen lies a quiet assumption: the people are too stupid to do anything themselves. If the "Unique and Absolute Subject" has already interpellated everyone, then who can save them? Althusser, naturally. Rancière exposes not only the condescension but the reductionism here: ISA theory focuses on the dominant and "does not account for the class that is dominated." This radical refutation leads to a conclusion so obvious it's hard to imagine Althusser missed it: "All revolutionary thought must be founded on the inverse presupposition, of the capacity of the dominated."