This biography both came as a pleasant surprise, but is also something I find myself sceptical of at the same time.
I knew little of Sulla previously, beyond the basics; he had been a dictator of Rome and engaged in a civil struggle with his main opponent, Gaius Marius; he famously published execution lists, purging his political opponents, in which people lived in terror; and a young Gaius Julius Caesar had a brush with him as a young man, when Sulla demanded he divorce his wife and the youth bravely refused. That was about the sum total of my prior knowledge.
So obviously, there was a lot here for me to learn. Pretty much everything, in fact, from Sulla’s four marriages, to his early career struggles with noble blood but very little hard cash, and his campaigns, in Numidia, during the Social Wars, against Mithridates’ forces in Greece, and his later return to Rome for another round of civil strife. And along the way I definitely had to admit that my previous view of a bloodthirsty dictator was simplistic and erroneous. From that point of view, the book succeeds in its aims, because the author, Lynda Telford, states openly from the beginning that she has set out to rehabilitate Sulla’s reputation and that she believes he deserves greater appreciation. This is both a potentially positive point, and the cause of my scepticism.
In some instances, it seems very clear that Telford is making excellent points about Sulla that should indeed be worthy of reconsideration by historians. The lingering stigma surrounding him regarding his friendship with the poor, and his possible bisexuality, is among the most prominent of these, and surprising considering that our modern perspective on these issues should cause us to rethink the condemnation of ancient authors sneering at his keeping company with common folk. And yet I’ve been reading a couple of books by Philip Matyszak before and after this one – one about a contemporary figure, Quintus Sertorius, and one about Rome’s Social Wars, both of which Sulla features in – and Matyszak appears to accept completely uncritically the sources’ reports of Sulla as ‘debauched’ and ‘degenerate’. One can’t help but feel Telford has a real case when she opines that this attitude ought to be re-examined. She also presents some interesting alternatives from mainstream thought, such as the possibility that in later life Sulla suffered from shingles, not scabies, and, perhaps most partisan of all, that Sulla only ever believed he was acting in the best interests of the Republic and that he tried to keep executions to a necessary minimum and punish those of his own supporters who went too far. Well… maybe. At the very least I can probably concede that perhaps this is how Sulla himself viewed the times in which he found himself and justified the actions he took. But more on this later.
Another positive point was that I honestly expected such a favourably biased biography of Sulla to absolutely slam his greatest rival, Gaius Marius… but it didn’t. Telford was upfront about Marius’ talents and achievements, and in fact challenges mainstream interpretations yet again by placing the break in the friendship between Sulla and Marius as much later. She also rather charitably suggests that Marius’ last gasp to hold on to power with heretofore unrevealed brutality was the product of mental disturbance caused by age – something which some other historians agree with her on. I found her arguments in this arena to be quite plausible and convincing.
To my scepticism then. Telford makes no secret of the fact that she is partisan in Sulla’s favour, and as a trained historian this obviously puts my senses on high alert. Unfortunately, I don’t know enough about this era and these figures to spot errors very well. However, Telford certainly gives Sulla the benefit of every doubt and always interprets the best possible reasons behind his actions. I think she may be right in some of her propositions, but I also think she may be wrong in some of them. Telford admits in the introduction that she is no expert, and that she has a history of being drawn to rehabilitate maligned figures, being a part of the Richard III Society. She sometimes makes comparisons in the text to Medieval situations and events which rang alarm bells about drawing false comparisons with such a great distance of time. For me the most troubling question left unanswered was Sulla’s opposition to extending citizenship to the Italians, which for a supposedly well-intentioned figure who Telford would have us believe strongly cared about the impoverished common folk, leaves rather a big question mark. Some of his executions too seem perhaps too neatly justified as being absolutely necessary and the minimum to which Sulla set himself this unpalatable task. Somehow I don’t think I should just accept this and view Sulla as an undoubted good guy, just because his opponents killed more people in bloodier, more indiscriminate rampages, while Sulla’s proscriptions were more restricted and oh some innocent people were killed too but under his corrupt officers who he later punished. That sits uncomfortably, and while I’m prepared to admit that Sulla was probably a more admirable figure than I previously gave him credit for, I also highly doubt the most favourable interpretation of his motives in every case, and suspect that the real Sulla may have existed somewhere between these extremes.
So, would I recommend this book? Yes – with a caveat: read books about Sulla from other authors too to gain varying perspectives into this fascinating historical figure.
7 out of 10