Far too often books like this aren’t really worth reading. I’ve started reading a couple now and given up after the first few pages. The problem is that there really isn’t something called a ‘doctorate’ – and so these other authors have tried to talk about this strange amalgam of things that don’t really fit what I am trying to write or what I really need to know.
So, why is this one different? Well, this isn’t really a ‘how to’ book. And in a sense it isn’t even really about helping doctoral students to ‘write’. They start this with a longish discussion on why they hate people saying they are ‘just writing up their methodology chapter now’. This idea of writing up, which is basically saying that writing is the boring bit you do after you have done all the interesting research and all of the analysis. You know, you work out what you are going to say and then the writing up bit is just you saying it.
Except, of course, that isn’t how it works at all. The writing isn’t external to the thinking – in many ways it is the thinking. The problem is that people assume this isn’t the case and so when they have ‘writer’s block’ they think it has something to do with procrastination or them ‘not being good writers’ – whatever that can mean. And so the advice becomes something like, learn to not procrastinate! Learn these five lessons in making yourself a better writer! The authors propose that the way to fix this is to fundamentally change how you think about writing. That is, that writing isn’t about ‘writing up’, but rather about getting your ideas straight – it is about literally getting to see what you think – writing is a tool for thinking, not something you do after you have finished thinking. As such you have to start writing early in your candidature, because you have to start thinking early in your candidature.
But how should you write? One of the things you need to learn is the genre of thesis writing. The two authors here come out of functional linguistics and critical discourse analysis. That is, there is no such thing as a ‘pure text’ – texts only make sense due to the role they play in particular kinds of social interactions. They have rules and you have to understand those rules before you start messing about with them.
A doctorate is meant to contribute something new to a particular field of research. So, the doctorate needs to do a couple of things first. The very first thing it needs to do is state what is the thesis it is going to be arguing. Then it needs to position itself within the field of research. Not just that the person writing the thesis knows the main texts that have contributed to the field, but also how the controversies in the field have played out and what have been the main moves in how this has been played. So, it isn’t enough to do a summary of the main ideas in your ‘lit review’. A literature review is a quite bad name for what is really called for. It isn’t really a synopsis of all that has gone before – such a thing would be pretty well impossible to write. It also isn’t a way of showing how incredibly well read you are. Rather, it is about showing an experienced reader that you know the field and, much more importantly, you understand the gap in the knowledge that your thesis is about to plug.
The problem isn’t just in not knowing how to go about writing such a thing – but it is also in trying to work out what is the right attitude to take in writing such a thing. Let’s put this in perspective. When you write a literature review you are talking about the work of the smartest people in your field. It isn’t all that unreasonable, then, to feel a bit intimidated. This often leads to a lit review that reads a bit like this: "Foucault says… but Sontag feels … besides Barthes is particularly keen on the idea … which leaves Bourdieu rather at odds with what might otherwise be a consensus…" That is, lots of name dropping, lots of summaries of their key ideas, but how this relates to what you are going to be doing in your thesis isn't all that clear, and this can quickly get out of hand and not really amount to more than a series of thumbnail sketches with no overall purpose.
And this is, as the authors point out, a problem of attitude. Having established that the reason why you are writing this thing is to make clear why what you are contributing is a contribution to the field, you have to take what the authors refer to here as a hand-on-hips stance. They say it is best to think that you are to be the host of a particularly good dinner party. Here’s all these people that you’ve presumably read and enjoyed reading and you get to orchestrate them as they talk about how you are going to contribute something new to your joint interest. Terrifying and exhilarating in equal measure, I guess.
The other thing about this is the Goldilocks principle – you don’t want to sound too smug in what you know (by definition you are an early career academic and so basically don’t know all that much) but you also don’t want to sound obsequious either. Hence the hands-on-hips stance. You have to look in control, but not up-yourself. It’s probably a really good piece of advice to never look up-yourself – just saying.
This book gives really wonderful advice on how to structure and think about how you should go about writing your thesis – but the best part of this book is Chapter 7 – The Grammar of Authority. Honestly, even if you never plan to write a doctoral thesis, it is worth getting this book for this chapter alone.
The problem with many, many books on grammar is that they don’t really tell you anything worth knowing. They are far too often lists of the things that give the writer of the book the creeps – you know, split infinitives or Oxford commas – but other than having you say, “Yes, I know…just awful” this stuff really isn’t going to help you write anything.
The topics covered here are quite different. There is a wonderful discussion on nominalisation. There is also a fascinating discussion on passive sentences and the problems of agentless sentences, particularly in relation to academic writing. And then a lovely discussion on Theme and Rheme and how to mix up your themes to add interest to your writing and also to analyse themes so you can diagnose your own writing.
So, what did all that mean? Well, nominalisation is something academic writing specialises in. Essentially, there is a difference between writing and speech. In speech we are very verbal. When we speak we are generally talking about actions that have happened and so we use lots of verbs and therefore lots of clauses. But when we write we change a lot of those verbs into nouns and noun forms - hence, nominalisation - nome being Italian for 'name'. By changing verbs to noun forms you can generally reduce the number of both words and clauses you are using. So, this makes nominalisation good. This also makes your writing increasingly dense to read. And so the normal advice books like this give is that you should limit the nominalisation you use in your writing. Good advice, in itself, but the problem is that if you have too little nominalisation your writing reads like it has been written by a child. Again, the real worthwhile advice is to learn the effect nominalisation has, both positive and negative, and go find Goldilocks.
A lot of academic writing uses either passive constructions or agentless constructions. Right – passive voice is when the subject of the sentence has the action of the verb done to them. So, an active voice sentence goes, The dog bit the man. A passive voiced sentence goes, The man was bitten by the dog. An agentless sentence goes, the man got bitten. The more you move away from active sentences the easier it is to hide who is doing what to whom. Want to see the consequences of this?
Here are two paragraphs from Kevin Rudd’s Sorry Day speech:
“To the mothers and the fathers, the brothers and the sisters, for the breaking up of families and communities, we say sorry.
“And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted on a proud people and a proud culture, we say sorry.”
Right – who is it that broke up the families and communities again? Who is it that caused the indignity and degradation? Well, the text literally doesn’t say. These are agentless sentences.
Now, Paul Keating’s Redfern Speech:
“It begins, I think, with that act of recognition. Recognition that it was we who did the dispossessing. We took the traditional lands and smashed the traditional way of life. We brought the diseases. The alcohol. We committed the murders. We took the children from their mothers. We practised discrimination and exclusion.”
Isn’t it amazing what a little agency can do for a sentence…
As someone once said: there are two kinds of silence, one is golden and the other is just yellow.
This really is a wonderful book – Chapter 5 on how to insert yourself into your thesis and why is really excellent, as is the wonderful metaphor about persuading an octopus into a glass. This offers really useful advice and not just advice, but a set of tools that can be used to really learn the craft of academic writing – writing that doesn’t have to be turgid and constipated.