During World War II, a group of American fighter pilots roamed the skies over China and Burma, menacing the Japanese war effort without letup. Flamboyant, daring, and courageous, they were called the Flying Tigers. The Tigers, who had been recruited from the Army, Navy, and Marines, first saw action as a volunteer group fighting on the side of the Chiang Kia-shek's China against Japan. Trained in the unconventional air-combat tactics of their maverick leader Claire Lee Chennault, they racked up some of the most impresive air victory records of World War II. This is the story of Chennault and his magnificent Tigers — and how they performed the impossible.
Librarian Note: There is more than one author by this name in the Goodreads database. John^Toland - 17th century theologian, Philosopher & Satirist John^^Toland - American writer and historian (WWII & Dillinger) John^^^Toland - Article: "The Man who Reads Minds"
John Willard Toland (June 29, 1912 in La Crosse, Wisconsin - January 4, 2004 in Danbury, Connecticut) was an American author and historian. He is best known for his biography of Adolf Hitler.[1]
Toland tried to write history as a straightforward narrative, with minimal analysis or judgment. This method may have stemmed from his original goal of becoming a playwright. In the summers between his college years, he travelled with hobos and wrote several plays with hobos as central characters, none of which achieved the stage.[2] At one point he managed to publish an article on dirigibles in Look magazine; it proved extremely popular and led to his career as a historian.
One exception to his general approach is his Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath about the Pearl Harbor attack and the investigations of it, in which he wrote about evidence that President Franklin Roosevelt knew in advance of plans to attack the naval base but remained silent. The book was widely criticized at the time. Since the original publication, Toland added new evidence and rebutted early critics. Also, an anonymous source, known as "Seaman Z" (Robert D. Ogg) has since come forth to publicly tell his story.
Perhaps his most important work, for which he won the Pulitzer Prize in 1971, is The Rising Sun. Based on original and extensive interviews with high Japanese officials who survived the war, the book chronicles Imperial Japan from the military rebellion of February 1936 to the end of World War II. The book won the Pulitzer because it was the first book in English to tell the history of the war in the Pacific from the Japanese point of view, rather than from an American perspective.
The stories of the battles for the stepping stones to Japan, the islands in the Pacific which had come under Japanese domination, are told from the perspective of the commander sitting in his cave rather than from that of the heroic forces engaged in the assault. Most of these commanders committed suicide at the conclusion of the battle, but Toland was able to reconstruct their viewpoint from letters to their wives and from reports they sent to Tokyo. Toland died in 2004 of pneumonia.
While predominantly a non-fiction author, Toland also wrote two historical novels, Gods of War and Occupation. He says in his autobiography that he earned little money from his Pulitzer Prize-winning, The Rising Sun, but was set for life from the earnings of his biography of Hitler, for which he also did original research.
The Flying Tigers of the American Volunteer Group (AVG) defended the Republic of China against Imperial Japanese aggression during the grim early days of the Second World War. Flying in P-40 Tomahawk fighter planes that were decorated with a shark’s mouth painted over the air scoop, and schooled in unconventional tactics taught them by the unit’s canny commander, General C.L. Chennault, the Tigers scored one seemingly improbable victory after another, over numerically superior Japanese air squadrons that were equipped with faster and more modern aircraft.
Historian John Toland tells the AVG’s story well in his 1963 book The Flying Tigers; and in the process of reading this book from Random House’s U.S. Landmark Books imprint, I learned much regarding the way in which historian Toland’s book was part of an inspired literary enterprise that encouraged a number of young readers to become historians themselves.
Toland made a name for himself, among World War II historians, by chronicling the Japanese Empire with more nuance, and more incorporation of Japanese cultural context, than had ever been the case before. His book The Rising Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire (1970) won the Pulitzer Prize for History. There have been times when I have disagreed strongly with Toland – as when his 1982 book Infamy: Pearl Harbor and Its Aftermath offered a conspiracy-theory argument that U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt knew that a Japanese attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in Hawaii was imminent, but chose to let the attack go ahead in order to push the United States into a war that many isolationism-minded Americans wanted to avoid. But his work is always written with energy, and with a compelling sense of the drama of history.
Toland’s The Flying Tigers with an account of how General Chennault worked with Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek on a way to bring U.S. pilots into the Chinese war effort, at a time when the U.S.A. was still officially neutral. They formed an American Volunteer Group of U.S. pilots who would resign their commissions in the U.S. military, travel to China, and fly for the Chinese Air Force, receiving a bonus for each Japanese plane they shot down. Toland’s talent for capturing battle action emerges in passages like this description of an engagement at Kunming, in western China, in late December 1941:
Louis Hoffman got on the tail of one Japanese bomber, slowed his speed so he would skid by, and then shot up the length of the fuselage. The plane plunged down, out of control. A second enemy bomber went down in flames after a head-on attack by Sandy Sandell.
Fritz Wolf got on the tail of one bomber and finally set its gas tanks ablaze with a burst from 100 yards. As the Japanese ship exploded, Wolf pulled into a steep climb to get away from the debris. A moment later, he dived on another raider. Though he could see its rear gun winking, none of the bullets hit Wolf. He closed to fifty yards, then concentrated a long burst on one motor. The ship caught fire and exploded. (p. 50)
The Chinese had suffered terribly at the hands of Imperial Japanese forces over years of invasion and occupation, and Toland gives suitable emphasis to the positive impact that the Flying Tigers had upon Chinese morale: “A new surge of hope swept the Chinese. At last they had powerful friends and would no longer be at the mercy of Japanese bombers. Newspapers were filled with stories of the young Americans, and they were given a new name, Fei Weing – Flying Tigers” (p. 53).
Throughout The Flying Tigers, Toland draws the reader’s attention to the resourcefulness with which the AVG carried on their efforts. In May of 1942, the Flying Tigers flew a sortie against Imperial Japanese forces that were advancing through conquered Burma toward the Salween River and the border with Nationalist China – and achieved success even though “the Tigers were in bad shape. Half of their Tomahawks had been destroyed and others were under repair. The few flyable planes, including the newly arrived Kittyhawks, were kept in condition only by the constant labor and ingenuity of the ground crew. Even more important was the steadily dwindling list of pilots” (p. 108).
Toland’s book leaves China, briefly, to describe what happened when General Chennault attended the May 1943 “Trident” conference between British and American leaders at the White House. “Chennault,” Toland tells us, “still did not have a regulation uniform. He wore a pre-war olive-drab blouse, a grey wool shirt, and a black tie. Some of the British wondered what nation he represented. When Churchill saw the stern man with the leathery, lined face, he is reported to have said, ‘I’m glad that man is on our side’” (pp. 150-51). At the Trident conference, Chennault successfully argued for more supplies to China, as part of a major offensive against the Japanese in eastern China, stating that “my ships will sink and severely damage more than a million tons” (p. 152) of Japanese shipping.
Chennault then returned to China, and under his leadership the Flying Tigers continued to inflict severe damage upon Japanese forces. On Thanksgiving Day 1943, the Tigers launched their first raid upon the island of Formosa (now Taiwan). Once again, Toland demonstrates his ability to capture the drama of aerial combat:
The low-flying planes caught the Japanese completely by surprise. As [Tex] Hill’s planes swept over Shinchiku, a long string of Japanese bombers were just approaching the field with wheels down. In a minute they all were smoking wrecks. Only seven or so fighters got off the field, and these were knocked down rapidly.
The American fighters strafed rows of parked planes, then climbed to cover the Mitchell bombers that were coming in The B-25’s scattered their fragmentation bombs, and strafed planes and fleeing men. At least forty Japanese bombers were destroyed. (p. 156).
And when the Japanese, in response, launched in April 1944 a major offensive that took U.S. airbases like Hengyang and east China cities like Kweilin, an undaunted Chennault “was secretly building other airfields far from the enemy lines”, so that, “In an incredibly short time, Chennault was again striking at the Japanese. He bombed Nanking and Hong Kong, and then completely knocked out the great city of Hankow as a major base for the Japanese drive on central China” (p. 158).
Truly, Prime Minister Churchill was right to say that he was glad that General Chennault was on the Allied side.
Whilst reading The Flying Tigers, I noticed that there were photographs on almost every page – something that made me wonder if the book might be intended for younger readers. A bit of research quickly informed me that Random House had indeed commissioned its U.S. Landmark Books imprint, from 1950 to 1970, as a way of encouraging young readers to become more interested in U.S. history. Toward that end, they sought out writers of talent and achievement to tell stories from that history.
Among the 113 books listed in the series, at the end of The Flying Tigers, one finds some prominent writers who are still read and respected today. MacKinlay Kantor, who won the Pulitzer Prize for his Civil War novel Andersonville (1955) about the notorious Confederate prisoner-of-war camp, contributed one volume on Gettysburg and another on Lee and Grant at Appomattox. C.S. Forester, acclaimed for his Horatio Hornblower stories of naval warfare, provided a book about The Barbary Pirates. The great New England horror author Shirley Jackson, famed for short stories like “The Lottery” (1948) and novels like The Haunting of Hill House (1959), offered a book on The Witchcraft of Salem Village. The eminent Southern U.S. novelist and poet Robert Penn Warren, in Remember the Alamo!, chronicled the beginnings of the Republic of Texas. It is an all-star lineup, by any measure.
And these writers were successful in awakening young readers to the drama and the excitement of historical study. Historian David Spear, writing in 2016 for the American Historical Association’s Perspectives on History newsletter, credited the U.S. Landmark Books series with “lur[ing] an entire generation of young readers” to the study of history – and, beyond that, with bringing “many of today’s professional historians” to the discipline.
I began Toland’s The Flying Tigers expecting to learn more about the American Volunteer Group and their aerial-combat achievements over China during the Second World War. I was pleased to learn even more about how a major U.S. publishing company spent 20 years successfully encouraging young Americans to learn more about their country’s history.
Against impossible odds, the flying tigers were the fate of China and are one of the greatest aviation groups to exist just like the Aztec eagles. John Toland narrates every battle with precision and detail, the battles he narrates make me feel like the planes swooping and shooting down the Japanese targets. If the flying tigers hadn't been stationed in Burma, all of China would be forced to surrender to the Japanese naval blockade, thus concluding that the flying tigers changed the tides of war within the pacific theater.
The author expands upon the theme that bravery and effort can make you a hero. Many of the flying tigers were just inexperienced recruits from the naval aviation groups and claire lee Chenault transformed into seasoned veterans. The veterans had to live in poor conditions, is filled with a lot of mosquitoes and constant bombings. I feel like they have contributed a lot to the fate of China.
AVG - American Volunteer Group, a group of aviators who were trained to fly a specific plane to advantage against the newest and best planes. Chennault had been trained in the US and was recruited by the Chinese to come and help protect China from the Japanese. He had the latest intelligence on what the Japanese were flying and where they were headed. He went to the top and still did not really get the help he needed to do what would eventually prove to be good and bad, good because the men ended up being the best fliers and mechanics in the military and bad because the men were totally worn out from constantly flying and repairing the planes.
This was a really interesting book. I remember one time hearing that the Americans, when shot down over China, had to get back on their own. The Chinese would not help them because of a tradition stating that if they helped a flier they would be responsible for that man for the rest of his life. I kept expecting that to come up in the book, but it wasn't there. I don't remember where I learned this and so that was why I was hoping it would be mentioned there.
The other thing that made this an interesting book for me, is that up at the Wright Patterson Airforce Base, Museum, is a monument dedicated to the AVG and Chennault. It is a very beautiful monument.
The book was very interesting as it talks about the history of the AVG and Chennault and how they protected China and kept them safer than if they hadn't been there at all. I do recommend this book.
Reads like a Novel. Well researched a great insight into the war in Asia and how a few men and a leader with a vision could achieve so much. As an amateur historian I was wrapped in this story. A must read.
There is so little written about the Chinese World War II story. Here Americans flew and won victory after victory against the Japanese. Without their involvement, China would have fallen and Japanese looting of raw materials would have been unabated which would have given them the necessary war needs to build their fighting capabilities. Chennault would lead the Flying Tigers in a desperate situation and beat back the advancing Japanese with his advanced flying tactics. This is a must read for any WWII buff.
I liked it. It's pretty short, but its a great introduction to WWII in China and US aid to Chiang Kai Shek. There are lots of big personalities and sounds like and amazing place and organization to be part of. I don't think anything like it would be built today. The American Volunteer Group (AVG) were American Airmen who were allowed to leave the service to become mercenaries for the Chinese, then reabsorbed into the US military when the war was in full swing. There are plenty of modern mercenaries, many of them former Soldiers, but I don't think they would get the kind of free wheeling support that went to the ACG and they definitely wouldn't be as readily reabsorbed in the the US military.
My father-in-law served in the Army Air Corps in the China-Burma-India theater and flew “over the hump”, so when I found this old paperback in the house I read it. Although it is non-fiction it read like an action adventure story. Well done. It makes me want to find that old movie about the Flying Tigers with John Wayne.
It is how a man went to America to beg for planes to fly in China. The Japanese were attacking that country. He started air bases and shaped the noses of the planes like sharks. They were called tigers. HIs first two pilots were Christians and one came from Korea
This was a very good book. I felt it was better than the John Wayne movie. I actually wish the movie had been like this book. It was very easy to read and follow.
This is a great story of Claire Lee Chennault, and his magnificent Tigers, a group of pilots in WWII who accomplished the impossible and whose heroics helped to win the war.
Over the years, I have heard many stories about the second world war and The Flying Tigers. I really enjoyed this very explicit book about them. I have been reading quite a lot recently about the war in Europe and the concentration camps, it was great to read about the war in the Pacific.
Volunteer American pilots in China, paid extra because of the conditions and danger, fought an air battle against superior numbers and advanced planes to stem the Japanese in their domination of China. Called the Flying Tigers, they used unconventional tactics to maximize the strengths of their aged planes against the new Japanese Zero.
Why I started this book: This month I started way to many books, and couldn't get into them... so I would then start another. This was one of the another books.
Why I finished it: Short audio, but good introduction to the fliers that worked on a shoestring to preserve Chinese forces in their fight against the Japanese. Impressive statistics and story and I'm very surprised that this hasn't been made into a WWII big action movie.
I had a half-dozen of the Random House "Landmark" series of history books masquerading as biographies when I was a kid. I didn't have this one, and reading it today was just as enjoyable as reading the ones I had in the 70s. While the patriotic message is more than obvious, the personal sacrifice made by the pilots of the Flying Tigers is told in a very straightforward, factual way with enough personality of the individual men to give that "being there" feeling.
History of the American fifgter pilots who flew for the Chinese against the Japanese as mercanaries prior to the US entry into World War II. Most survivors would re-enter the US military following Pearl Harbor.
One of the first books I ever read was John Toland's "The Flying Tigers"; and I know I read it while in kindergarten, because I finger-painted my version of the same Book-of-the-Month Club cover above, with a glorious shark mouth on a P-40 zooming over the Burmese Jungle.