Humanitarianism: A Very Short Introduction

by Julia F. Irwin

Humanitarian crises are a central problem of modern history and contemporary international relations. Since the 1990s, the aid sector has ballooned in size and is now a multi-billion-dollar industry. In this book, historian Julia F. Irwin traces the events and trends that defined modern humanitarianism, from the eighteenth century up to the present day. It describes the origins of international humanitarian action, the development of major humanitarian organizations and movements, the evolution of international humanitarian law, and the expansion of the international humanitarian sector. It examines organized efforts to save lives, alleviate suffering, and maintain human dignity amid major conflicts, disasters, refugee crises, and other humanitarian emergencies. At the same time, Irwin shows how beliefs about race, gender, religion, and nationality have historically influenced humanitarian sentiments and actions. Attuned to the distinctions between wartime, postwar, and non-conflict situations, Irwin assesses criticisms waged against humanitarian actions and debates over the legitimacy of humanitarian interventions. This Very Short Introduction also teases out the complex relationship between humanitarianism, human rights, and international development. Finally, this book surveys diverse and competing humanitarian traditions throughout the world.

176 pages, Paperback

Published March 26, 2026

Reviews

[J. Howard Johnston · Rating 5 out of 5]

outstanding and approachable examination of humanitarianism

Humanitarianism, while imperfect in its practice, is rooted in a set of values and beliefs that resonate with our “higher angels.” In this brief examination, Professor Irwin explores the historical roots of humanitarianism, its multiple manifestations in policy and practice, its contemporary challenges, and potential alternative futures. Her writing is clear and engaging for both academic and lay readers interested in international affairs, philanthropy, NGOs, and the cultivation a more humane world.