The Martyrdom of Man

by William Winwood Reade

The Martyrdom of Man was a history of the world from an entirely new viewpoint, and was a prominent freethinking text of the late Nineteenth century. It is not an exaggeration to say that it provided a view of History as revolutionary as Darwin's view of Science - an entirely new and non-religious way of looking at the subject. It was very popular and influential on publication in the 1870's and long after - Arthur Conan Doyle, H.G. Wells and George Orwell were all heavily influenced

William Winwood Reade (1838 - 1875) was a British historian, explorer, and philosopher.

His major work, The Martyrdom of Man (1872), is a secular history of the Western world. According to one historian, the book became a kind of "substitute bible for secularists" In it, Reade attempts to trace the development of Western civilization in terms analogous to those used in the natural sciences. He uses it to advance his philosophy, which was political liberalism. The final section of the book provoked enormous controversy due to Reade's "outspoken attack on Christian dogma" and the book was condemned by several magazines. In 1872 the then Prime minister, William Gladstone denounced The Martyrdom of Man as one of several "irreligious works" (the others included work by Auguste Comte, Herbert Spencer and David Friedrich Strauss).

Reade was an atheist (although this has been disputed by a surviving family member) and a social Darwinist who believed in survival of the fittest and wanted to create a new civilization: "While war, slavery and religion had once been necessary,Reade argued, they would not always be so;in the future only science could guarantee human progress". Cecil Rhodes, an English-born South Africa politician and businessman, said that the book "made me what I am". Other admirers of The Martyrdom of Man included H.G. Wells, Winston Churchill, Harry Johnston, George Orwell, Susan Isaacs, and Michael Foot. The title of the book is well known to many who have not read it: in Arthur Conan Doyle's The Sign of the Four, Sherlock Holmes says to Dr. Watson: "Let me recommend this book, — one of the most remarkable ever penned." V.S. Pritchett lauded The Martyrdom of Man as "the one, the outstanding, dramatic, imaginative historical picture of life, to be inspired by Victorian science". Since The Martyrdom of Man had, (by Victorian standards) a relatively sympathetic account of African history, it was approvingly cited by W.E.B. Du Bois in his books The Negro (1915) and The World and Africa (1947).

Reade's other secularist work, "The Outcast", is a short novel about a young man who must deal with being rejected by his religious father and the death of his wife. (wikipedia.org)

Genres: Philosophy, History, Nonfiction, Classics, Religion, World History, 19th Century

285 pages, Kindle Edition

First published January 1, 1872

About the author

William Winwood Reade (26 December 1838 – 24 April 1875) was a British historian, explorer, and philosopher. His two best-known books, The Martyrdom of Man (1872) and The Outcast (1875), were included in the Thinker's Library.

Source: Wikipedia

Reviews

[Wreade1872 · Rating 5 out of 5]

"..it has done me good to write this book, and therefore I do not think that it can injure those by whom it will be read."

So obviously i like this, i mean it is where i stole my profile name from. I also read it originally under the best of circumstances, having found a 1932 edition in a box in an attic. I'm quite shocked that this is over 450 pages, i don't know what kind of paper they used in the 30's but my copy is only the thickness of a modern 200 page book (1.7mm including the hardcovers to be exact :P ). Must be pretty strong stuff too as its still in perfect condition (on the inside) :) .

Anyway this is ostensibly a history book. Although given its age i wouldn't read it for its accuracy. Actually given the way history is constantly being re-evaluated these days i wouldn't trust a 30 year old book for its accuracy :P .

There are only 4 chapters in this, War, Religion, Liberty and Intellect, but if you make it through, especially if you read it in your teens ;) , you might well believe you know all you need to about the human race :D. Or at least human civilization.

The author has a dated but beautful almost lyrical style. The way he describes ancient life really makes it animated and his thoughtful explanations on the evolution of religions are really interesting.
I think it took me a couple of attempts to get through it the first time the style isn't for everyone and there is so much info, but obviously i highly recommend it. One of the only books i can open and start reading at any point and be instantly absorbed. According to the net fans of the book include Cecil Rhodes, H.G.Wells, Winston Churchill, Arthur Conan Doyle, Harry Johnston, George Orwell, Susan Isaacs, A.A.Milne, Christopher Robin and Michael Foot.

"Thus, when Nature selects a people to endow them with glory and with wealth, her first proceeding is to massacre their bodies, her second to debauch their minds. She begins with famine, pestilence and war; next, force and rapacity above, chains and slavery below.
She uses evil as the raw material of good; though her aim is always noble, her earliest means are base and cruel.
But as soon as a certain point is reached she washes her black and bloody hands, and uses agents of a higher kind."

[Mika Oksanen · Rating 4 out of 5]

This is a very interesting Victorian attempt at a universal history together with a discussion of central questions in ethics and religion. It is very beautifully written and interestingly argued, though there are problems with the convincingness of many of the arguments.

In Arthur Conan Doyle's book the The Sign of Four, Sherlock Holmes recommends Reade's book to Doctor Watson. It is fascinating to imagine what Watson, a relatively conventional Englishman, thought of its very radical ideas if he ever got round to reading it. There might be a story, even the kernel of a Sherlockian pastiche, in this...

Holmes's enthusiasm for the book is of course a reflection of Doyle's enthusiasm for it.
However, many of Reade's ideas do not appear to fit with Doyle's ideas, so it is hard to see just why Doyle was so enthusiastic about this book. Reade even denies the immortality of the soul, which could not please the spiritualist Doyle - unless Doyle was originally more inclined to materialism.

Reade presents a radical deism and attacks Christianity; he says that Christianity is blasphemous and vile. While religiously radical, Reade is politically less so; he defends laissez-faire and holds that the poverty of poor people is mainly due to their stupidity or laziness. He holds that scientific and technological development will inevitably also lead to political progress.

Reade's ideas of the future are optimistic and Utopian in the extreme; one can accuse them of being facilely so. This book anticipates many transhumanist ideas; Reade predicts that Science will transform the bodies we now wear and immortality will be invented and men will become architects of worlds; man will become what the vulgar worship as a god.

[Tarun Rattan · Rating 5 out of 5]

It's amazing to read the clarity of thought of Winwood Reade in this book and how he shreds apart the folly of organized religions. This man was definitely centuries ahead of this times. Everyone should read this, it's a human treasure.

[Cliff · Rating 3 out of 5]

I question the factual basis of some historic assertions, but I think it's a nice compilation of the understanding of world history in nineteenth century England. His final conclusion is remarkable for the time, but doesn't really go far enough.

[Malcolm Collins · Rating 5 out of 5]

Most of this book is not super relevant to the modern reader but the last two chapters can be haunting. He predicts the advancement of society and technology almost exactly and speaks to readers living in the future time period he predicts directly. Then goes on to tell us what he thinks will happen next wich hold unique weight given his other predictions.

[Steve · Rating 5 out of 5]

It is written in the ponderous, florid language of the mid-Victorians, however, most of it is quite profound, and some of it surprisingly prescient.

Highly recommended, despite its perceived shortcomings.

[Dina · Rating 5 out of 5]

If there is one historical book you can read, read this one. Excellent book. William Reade is a brilliant writer.

[Audun · Rating 3 out of 5]

A history of the world written in 1872. This ofc, means that there are several inaccuracies as future discoveries were yet to be made. Despite this, it was fascinating to get a glimpse on how they viewed the world back then. I read some chapters and skipped most others. The more evergreen content comes at the end when he discusses the future. He is critical of Christianity, but acknowledges its importance in driving progress in the past. He advocates a kind of atheist/agnostic progressivism. It is now 154 years later and this idea has had its chance for most of it in the west. From that I think we can safely say that it is no complete replacement given humanity's current biology.

What motivates post-Christians today is very seldom the urge to conquer the galaxy and improve mankind. It is mostly a soulless consumerism or a will to limit humanity "for the good of the earth"

[Carl · Rating 4 out of 5]

Interesting history & analysis of everything by a very learned but also prejudiced British victorian. His history of civilization is so astounding that it finally dawns on the reader that his conclusions far exceed the sum total of knowledge at his time & since his time. He reflects the jingoism of his day but this is still a remarkable book.

[Daniel · Rating 5 out of 5]

This book unmasks the fantasy and hoax that is religion

[noblethumos · Rating 5 out of 5]

William Winwood Reade's "Martyrdom of Man" presents a sweeping analysis of human history, exploring the origins, progress, and potential destiny of mankind. Reade offers a thought-provoking examination of various civilizations, religions, and scientific advancements, contemplating the nature of human existence and its struggles. This review aims to provide an academic evaluation of Reade's arguments, discussing the book's strengths, weaknesses, and its significance within the fields of history, philosophy, and social sciences.


"Martyrdom of Man" by William Winwood Reade delves into the story of humanity, tracing its journey from primitive origins to the heights of civilization. Reade examines the impact of religion, science, and philosophy on human development, highlighting the struggles and sacrifices made throughout history. He contemplates the nature of progress, the quest for knowledge, and the potential outcomes that await humankind in the future.

Reade's work stands out for its ambitious scope and its interdisciplinary approach. By integrating historical narratives, philosophical insights, and scientific ideas, he constructs a comprehensive narrative that spans continents and epochs. Reade's analysis prompts readers to reflect on the challenges faced by humanity and the potential for collective liberation and progress.


One of the notable strengths of "Martyrdom of Man" lies in Reade's ability to synthesize diverse sources of information into a coherent narrative. He draws upon historical accounts, religious texts, and scientific discoveries to support his arguments and construct a comprehensive understanding of human history. Reade's multidisciplinary approach enhances the richness and depth of the book, fostering critical reflections on the complexities of human existence.

Moreover, Reade's philosophical musings invite readers to ponder existential questions and the meaning of human life. By exploring the interplay between religion, reason, and progress, he challenges conventional interpretations and encourages a broader perspective on the struggles and achievements of mankind. Reade's work sparks intellectual curiosity and prompts readers to engage with profound questions about the nature of humanity.


While "Martyrdom of Man" offers a compelling analysis, it is not without its limitations. Some critics argue that Reade's perspective may reflect a certain degree of Eurocentrism, potentially overlooking the contributions of non-Western civilizations to human history. A more inclusive and global outlook would strengthen the book's analytical framework and broaden its relevance to diverse readerships.

Additionally, Reade's writing style can be dense and verbose, making it challenging for some readers to navigate his arguments. A more concise and accessible presentation of ideas would enhance the book's readability and enable a wider audience to engage with its content.


"Martyrdom of Man" holds significant importance within the fields of history, philosophy, and social sciences as a seminal work that grapples with the fundamental questions of human existence. Reade's analysis stimulates critical reflections on the nature of progress, the complexities of civilizations, and the struggles faced by humanity. The book's contribution lies in its ability to provoke intellectual curiosity and inspire discussions on the potential for human liberation and collective advancement.


William Winwood Reade's "Martyrdom of Man" offers a thought-provoking exploration of human history and the struggles faced by mankind. While the book has its limitations, it stands as a significant contribution to the fields of history, philosophy, and social sciences, stimulating critical reflections on the nature of human existence, progress, and the challenges that shape our collective destiny. Reade's comprehensive analysis invites readers to contemplate the trials and triumphs of humanity, encouraging a deeper understanding of our place in the world.

GPT

[J Layne · Rating 1 out of 5]

Author gives a fairly detailed history of the Jews under Abraham and Moses and then of Jesus’ entering into the temple and Palm Sunday and turning out the money changers in the temple. Author is an atheist and gives many derogatory remarks against Christianity. Interesting that he spent so much time in the Bible; he quotes from it frequently. A history book as well as a screed against Christianity. I was prompted to read this work by watching the new movie Goodbye, Christopher Robin and then by subsequent readings of Christopher Robin Milne's biography and a bit of research on both father (AA Milne) and son (CR Milne). Sad and disappointing to know that both father (author of the Winnie the Pooh series of children's books) and son held this book in much esteem and indeed considered it the pattern and belief system by which they lived their lives.

[Quinner · Rating 5 out of 5]

Garrh tas has Pirates & everyfink

I can't say it was an enjoyable read but it was an eye opener for me. There's a pattern in what happens to cultures through the ages. Also the Evolution V's Religion message was damning.

[Lenna · Rating 5 out of 5]

Why aren't you reading this right now? Are you a communist? You must be if you're not reading this right now.

[Sigrid Fry-Revere · Rating 4 out of 5]

Fun to read primarily because it was written in the 1870s. It is fascinating to see what predictions did and did not come true in the two centuries since it was written.

[Richard Thompson · Rating 2 out of 5]

This book probably seemed smart and transgressive to its 19th century and early 20th century readers. According to Wikipedia, fans of this book included Winston Churchill, WEB Du Bois, HG Wells and George Orwell. WTF? I would have thought better of them all. It has not aged well. I am not fond of universal histories, but I am particularly not fond of Eurocentric histories that claim to be universal. And I'm also not so fond of the historicist school of writing where everything is explained by focusing on a few historical drivers that are supposedly the forces behind all great historical change up to now and on into the future. I don't buy the historians who say it is all economics or all geography or, in this case, all war and religion.

I was also unimpressed with the style and presentation. The book seems to be based on Mr. Reade's travels and his broad reading of other historians with not much in the way of research. No sources are cited, and the narrative includes a lot of impressionistic details that are nothing more than a 19th century Englishman's speculation about how things might have been. The first section of the religion chapter is essentially Mr. Reade's retelling of the historical parts of the Old Testament with the bias of an unbeliever. I'm not much of a believer myself, but I do think that if you are going to twist and recharacterize the historical accounts of the Bible, a book that many millions believe is God's word, then, as a historian, you should probably do some independent research or find some other ancient historical accounts to support your positions.

And then there is the point of view that many people of Mr. Reade's era might have found progressive -- anti-slavery and pro-science, so far so good, but then also having a white man's burden attitude toward "savages", a faith in the superiority of European civilization, Social Darwinism and a general white male superiority. I suppose that to get where we are today we had to pass through the phase of people like Mr. Reade, but it is embarrassing to think of him as being in any way an intellectual forebearer.

[Forked Radish]

A “disciple” of Darwin preaches his religion.

[Julio The Fox · Rating 5 out of 5]

“All sensible men are of the same religion".---Winston Churchill. Reporter: And what religion is that? “No sensible man ever tells.” W.C.

This fiery quote did not originate with Sir Winston, Kipling, or Disraeli. The phrase became popular during the English Civil War, when professing the wrong religion (was the wafer served at Mass symbolically or literally the body of Christ?) could get you killed. Anyone wishing for a refutation and repudiation of all religion, though it might require keeping your mouth shut, should start with THE MARTYRDOM OF MAN, one of the best-selling non-fiction books of the nineteenth century and still of great use to freethinkers today. Reading Winwood Reade while stationed in the Army in India is what led Churchill to a self-described "religious crisis" from which he emerged a "Sunday Anglican"; respecting all Christian faiths (note the adjective) but pronouncing in favor of none, and while you're at it, keep politics and personal morality apart from religion. The martyrdom Reade writes of is 2,000 years of slavery of the Western mind to Christianity and thousands more to the other Abrahamic faiths. Reade was as disgusted as Churchill with Hinduism and Islam, and not without a trace of racism. THE MARTYRDOM OF MAN, written in the shadow of Darwin and the "Death of God", is a secularist history of humanity, albeit mostly the Western portion, in the tradition of Edward Gibbon, and can still be read with profit simply for the review of the facts of history under scientific scrutiny, not sub-Aeternitas species. Also of benefit is that he pays attention to developments in Asia and Africa, unlike Hegel or later Arnold Toynbee who professed "Africa has no history". Reade's world history is atheistic, and progressive, in the sense of mankind moving ever higher through stages, from magic to religion to science, and liberal as the English understand that term until this day, "Free minds and free markets". If his facts are dubious, his act of grand defiance in rejecting the Bible as the only source of history, or even a reliable source of Judaic and Christian history, still merits our applause.

[Tadas Sandanavicius]

nera vertimo.