What do you think?
Rate this book
Hindutva and Hind Swaraj: History’s Unforgotten Ideas
A close reading of the persistent antagonisms in Indian history, Hindutva and Hind Swaraj focuses on the ideological clash between Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, representing the broader ideological, political, and cultural factions within Hindu and Indian society. The central argument is that this antagonism continues to influence national life, both politically and personally, reflecting two contrasting Hindutva and Hind Swaraj.
Divided into three parts, the first part addresses the lack of historical records in ancient India and the importance of creating a national history to reclaim India's past. In the part second part, the author examines the discovery of India's cultural and historical identity, the impact of colonialism, and the need for a balanced discourse that acknowledges the complexity and diversity of Indian society. While the third looks at the e contemporary political landscape, the rise of Hindutva, and the ongoing struggle between Gandhi's vision of non-violent resistance and Savarkar's advocacy of armed rebellion. It highlights the unresolved tensions between these two ideologies and their implications for India's future.
The book emphasizes the need for a new approach to understanding and reconciling these differences, suggesting that a balanced discourse and a deeper inquiry into the nature of nationalism, democracy, and Indian society are essential for creating a new India.
Divided into three parts, the first part addresses the lack of historical records in ancient India and the importance of creating a national history to reclaim India's past. In the part second part, the author examines the discovery of India's cultural and historical identity, the impact of colonialism, and the need for a balanced discourse that acknowledges the complexity and diversity of Indian society. While the third looks at the e contemporary political landscape, the rise of Hindutva, and the ongoing struggle between Gandhi's vision of non-violent resistance and Savarkar's advocacy of armed rebellion. It highlights the unresolved tensions between these two ideologies and their implications for India's future.
The book emphasizes the need for a new approach to understanding and reconciling these differences, suggesting that a balanced discourse and a deeper inquiry into the nature of nationalism, democracy, and Indian society are essential for creating a new India.
370 pages, Kindle Edition
Published September 15, 2025
6 people are currently reading
15 people want to read
Ratings & Reviews
Friends & Following
Create a free account to discover what your friends think of this book!
Community Reviews
Displaying 1 - 7 of 7 reviews
October 20, 2025
Hindutva and Hind Swaraj by Majarand R Paranjape. The title looks enticing. Also at the front cover, there is a review by the late great Dr. S.L.Byrappa. Hard to resist the temptation to read this book. However I was severely disillusioned when I finished reading it. It turned out to be like a bag of Lays. Full of Gas, with very little edible food. And that edible food too cooked in Palm oil is Category A junk.
Well if Lays were to introduce a new Moringa flovour, with the chips having a dressing of the superfood, perhaps this book can be equated to it.
The book start off promising to be a impartial study of both Gandhi and Veer Savarkar and proposes that both are required for modern India. I can see why Savarkar is required, but the Gandhi bit is confusing. One is curious to know why Gandhi or his methods are required at all.
While the book often quotes sublime lines of poets, speaks about Vedanta, advaita and claims the way forward is using the method of anvikshaki or intermedial hemenautics (It seems like a word taken out of a Shashi Tharoor book) .
Let me get straight to the bad in the book. Why did I find it utterly useless for the most part.
- For all it's tall claims of being objective, the author is partial to Gandhi and seems critical or disrespectful of Savarkar.
- The author seems to glorify Gandhi's contribution to our freedom (Again, the lays chips analogy here, becuase it does not seem justified by facts)
- The author underplays Veer Savarkar's contributions to our freedom struggle
- The author is convinced that Veer Savarkar was the mastermind behind Gandhi's assassination. This he hints repeatedly. At one point even calling Godse and Narayan Apte Savarkar's Chelas
-The author references Dr.Vikram Sampath's book, but I am sure he has not read it. Had he done so, he would not have concluded that Veer Savarkar had something to do with Gandhi's assascination.
-The author goes on to claim that Gandhi's detractors and critics misquote him and have misunderstood him. If that is indeed the case, then it becomes his bounden duty to convince the readers that they have misunderstood him. Makarand, I am sorry to say, does not even lift a finger, much less provide proof that Gandhi is misunderstood.
- He meanders about quoting from Hind Swaraj liberally, trying to say Gandhi had the best intention. Yet nothing in the book can or will exonerate Gandhi. There is nothing to prove Gandhi's innocence.
- He tries to show Gandhi's saintliness by the words written by him. One cannot just look at the words written by a man and pronounce him a saint. The actions of the man must be looked at in equal measure. What a man did and did not do also count.
-While Rushdie is criticicized (And rightfully so) for writing the equivalent of sewage in literature in Victory city by turning a blind eye to the Islamic bigotry and brabarism of Bahamani Sultanate, the author rightfully says Rushdie refused to see the truth even when blinded (Literally)
-However the 'Mahatma' is excused for not having seen the violence which was inherent in Islam. He is excused for his lack of Shatrubodha.
-Finally the author even enters the topic about the 'Mahatma' that must not be discussed. His 'experiments' with brahmacharya by sleeping naked with naked women, some his grandnieces. He feebly tries to defend it, and then knowing that he is trying to fight the brahmastra with a blunt knife, gives up on it. He claims more research needs to be done on this topic.
Now was the book entirely bad? I wouldn't say so. There are some parts where the author talks about the reality of Jihad and Islamic bigotry. He talks about the works of Dharampal and Sita Ram Goel. The vision of Swami Vivekananda had at Kheer Bhavani temple is beautiful to read.
Finally I must say I am disappointed in this book. I had read Prof Makarand's book on JNU. I wonder if he is trying to pull a Rushdie by doing what Rushdie did in Victory City in the book.
I still find it perplexing that Dr.S.L.Byrappa recommended this book!
Well if Lays were to introduce a new Moringa flovour, with the chips having a dressing of the superfood, perhaps this book can be equated to it.
The book start off promising to be a impartial study of both Gandhi and Veer Savarkar and proposes that both are required for modern India. I can see why Savarkar is required, but the Gandhi bit is confusing. One is curious to know why Gandhi or his methods are required at all.
While the book often quotes sublime lines of poets, speaks about Vedanta, advaita and claims the way forward is using the method of anvikshaki or intermedial hemenautics (It seems like a word taken out of a Shashi Tharoor book) .
Let me get straight to the bad in the book. Why did I find it utterly useless for the most part.
- For all it's tall claims of being objective, the author is partial to Gandhi and seems critical or disrespectful of Savarkar.
- The author seems to glorify Gandhi's contribution to our freedom (Again, the lays chips analogy here, becuase it does not seem justified by facts)
- The author underplays Veer Savarkar's contributions to our freedom struggle
- The author is convinced that Veer Savarkar was the mastermind behind Gandhi's assassination. This he hints repeatedly. At one point even calling Godse and Narayan Apte Savarkar's Chelas
-The author references Dr.Vikram Sampath's book, but I am sure he has not read it. Had he done so, he would not have concluded that Veer Savarkar had something to do with Gandhi's assascination.
-The author goes on to claim that Gandhi's detractors and critics misquote him and have misunderstood him. If that is indeed the case, then it becomes his bounden duty to convince the readers that they have misunderstood him. Makarand, I am sorry to say, does not even lift a finger, much less provide proof that Gandhi is misunderstood.
- He meanders about quoting from Hind Swaraj liberally, trying to say Gandhi had the best intention. Yet nothing in the book can or will exonerate Gandhi. There is nothing to prove Gandhi's innocence.
- He tries to show Gandhi's saintliness by the words written by him. One cannot just look at the words written by a man and pronounce him a saint. The actions of the man must be looked at in equal measure. What a man did and did not do also count.
-While Rushdie is criticicized (And rightfully so) for writing the equivalent of sewage in literature in Victory city by turning a blind eye to the Islamic bigotry and brabarism of Bahamani Sultanate, the author rightfully says Rushdie refused to see the truth even when blinded (Literally)
-However the 'Mahatma' is excused for not having seen the violence which was inherent in Islam. He is excused for his lack of Shatrubodha.
-Finally the author even enters the topic about the 'Mahatma' that must not be discussed. His 'experiments' with brahmacharya by sleeping naked with naked women, some his grandnieces. He feebly tries to defend it, and then knowing that he is trying to fight the brahmastra with a blunt knife, gives up on it. He claims more research needs to be done on this topic.
Now was the book entirely bad? I wouldn't say so. There are some parts where the author talks about the reality of Jihad and Islamic bigotry. He talks about the works of Dharampal and Sita Ram Goel. The vision of Swami Vivekananda had at Kheer Bhavani temple is beautiful to read.
Finally I must say I am disappointed in this book. I had read Prof Makarand's book on JNU. I wonder if he is trying to pull a Rushdie by doing what Rushdie did in Victory City in the book.
I still find it perplexing that Dr.S.L.Byrappa recommended this book!
December 8, 2025
Modern India’s political and cultural imagination often feels like a tug-of-war between memory and modernity, between moral power and political power, between the idea of India as a civilisational continuum and India as a bold, muscular nation-state. Makarand R. Paranjape’s "Hindutva and Hind Swaraj" enters this fraught space with a calm but probing voice. This is not a book that shouts; it reasons. It does not take sides; it questions the foundations of the debate itself.
At its heart lies the unresolved ideological duel between M.K. Gandhi and V.D. Savarkar, two men who could not have been more different in temperament, worldview or method, yet who shaped the Indian imagination in ways more intertwined than most care to admit. He argues that the story of modern India cannot be understood without confronting this duality with honesty, without caricature, and without the luxury of simplistic binaries.
The author opens with a sensitive but sharp observation, that ancient India’s sparse historical record has allowed outsiders, colonial administrators, nationalist historians, ideological groups, to narrate India for Indians. This section is about more than historiography; it is about the emotional hunger for a rooted self-understanding. The author suggests that reclaiming history is not a political project alone, it is a cultural act, a civilizational necessity.
The second part examines India’s colonial encounter and the subsequent scramble to rediscover “Indianness.” Here, he is at his best. He neither romanticises tradition nor demonises modernity. He points out that both Gandhi and Savarkar were, in their own ways, products of modernity and both were reacting to it. Gandhi looked backward, searching for ethical strength in the past.
Savarkar looked forward, searching for political strength in the future. This section is thematically rich because it shows that Hindutva and Hind Swaraj are not just ideologies, they are different civilizational anxieties responding to the same historical rupture.
The final part is the most emotionally charged. He outlines how the Gandhi–Savarkar fault line continues to define India’s political instinct today, one emphasising moral persuasion, the other emphasising cultural self-assertion and power. He argues that modern India’s turbulence comes from living between these two gravitational pulls, neither fully abandoning Gandhi nor fully accepting Savarkar.
✍️ Strengths :
✔ The author refuses to tell the reader what to think. In today’s climate, that restraint is not just refreshing, it is courageous.
✔ Most works paint them in black and white. Here, both appear in shades that reflect their genuine complexity, one guided by conscience, the other by strategy.
✔ The book is strongest when it treats Indian political debates not as purely political phenomena, but as questions of identity, civilisation, memory and moral imagination.
✔ Though dealing with a polarising topic, he writes in a style that is gentle, lucid and surprisingly non-confrontational.
✔ This is a book that asks you to think, not react, to reflect, not rally and to understand, not categorise.
✒️ Areas for Improvement :
✘ Some sections assume a reader already familiar with the Gandhi–Savarkar scholarship. A more grounded explanation in a few places would have helped.
✘ While the analysis is strong, more examples from recent Indian politics could have made the arguments feel less abstract and more anchored in present-day realities.
✘ The author is even-handed, but at times too gentle. A slightly more confrontational critique of both thinkers, especially their blind spots, would have strengthened the intellectual robustness.
✘ While beautiful in spirit, the idea that Hind Swaraj and Hindutva can be integrated feels romantic, perhaps even implausible in realpolitik terms.
In conclusion, in a time when intellectual positions harden rapidly and public debate collapses under its own noise, Hindutva and Hind Swaraj asks for patience, reflection and humility. The author reminds us that modern India is built not on a single idea, but on multiple, often conflicting inheritances. To deny this internal plurality is to misunderstand India; to embrace it thoughtfully is perhaps the only way forward. This book is not merely a comparative study of Gandhi and Savarkar, it is an invitation to understand the emotional and ideological undercurrents shaping India today.
At its heart lies the unresolved ideological duel between M.K. Gandhi and V.D. Savarkar, two men who could not have been more different in temperament, worldview or method, yet who shaped the Indian imagination in ways more intertwined than most care to admit. He argues that the story of modern India cannot be understood without confronting this duality with honesty, without caricature, and without the luxury of simplistic binaries.
The author opens with a sensitive but sharp observation, that ancient India’s sparse historical record has allowed outsiders, colonial administrators, nationalist historians, ideological groups, to narrate India for Indians. This section is about more than historiography; it is about the emotional hunger for a rooted self-understanding. The author suggests that reclaiming history is not a political project alone, it is a cultural act, a civilizational necessity.
The second part examines India’s colonial encounter and the subsequent scramble to rediscover “Indianness.” Here, he is at his best. He neither romanticises tradition nor demonises modernity. He points out that both Gandhi and Savarkar were, in their own ways, products of modernity and both were reacting to it. Gandhi looked backward, searching for ethical strength in the past.
Savarkar looked forward, searching for political strength in the future. This section is thematically rich because it shows that Hindutva and Hind Swaraj are not just ideologies, they are different civilizational anxieties responding to the same historical rupture.
The final part is the most emotionally charged. He outlines how the Gandhi–Savarkar fault line continues to define India’s political instinct today, one emphasising moral persuasion, the other emphasising cultural self-assertion and power. He argues that modern India’s turbulence comes from living between these two gravitational pulls, neither fully abandoning Gandhi nor fully accepting Savarkar.
✍️ Strengths :
✔ The author refuses to tell the reader what to think. In today’s climate, that restraint is not just refreshing, it is courageous.
✔ Most works paint them in black and white. Here, both appear in shades that reflect their genuine complexity, one guided by conscience, the other by strategy.
✔ The book is strongest when it treats Indian political debates not as purely political phenomena, but as questions of identity, civilisation, memory and moral imagination.
✔ Though dealing with a polarising topic, he writes in a style that is gentle, lucid and surprisingly non-confrontational.
✔ This is a book that asks you to think, not react, to reflect, not rally and to understand, not categorise.
✒️ Areas for Improvement :
✘ Some sections assume a reader already familiar with the Gandhi–Savarkar scholarship. A more grounded explanation in a few places would have helped.
✘ While the analysis is strong, more examples from recent Indian politics could have made the arguments feel less abstract and more anchored in present-day realities.
✘ The author is even-handed, but at times too gentle. A slightly more confrontational critique of both thinkers, especially their blind spots, would have strengthened the intellectual robustness.
✘ While beautiful in spirit, the idea that Hind Swaraj and Hindutva can be integrated feels romantic, perhaps even implausible in realpolitik terms.
In conclusion, in a time when intellectual positions harden rapidly and public debate collapses under its own noise, Hindutva and Hind Swaraj asks for patience, reflection and humility. The author reminds us that modern India is built not on a single idea, but on multiple, often conflicting inheritances. To deny this internal plurality is to misunderstand India; to embrace it thoughtfully is perhaps the only way forward. This book is not merely a comparative study of Gandhi and Savarkar, it is an invitation to understand the emotional and ideological undercurrents shaping India today.
November 16, 2025
Makarand R. Paranjape’s Hindutva and Hind Swaraj enter an arena where historical interpretation, political vocabulary, and cultural memory remain sharply contested. Rather than rehearsing familiar arguments, the book positions the Gandhi–Savarkar divergence as the organising tension of modern Indian thought, a fault line that continues to shape the country’s political instinct and moral imagination.
Paranjape begins by interrogating the gaps in India’s ancient historical record, arguing that the absence of documentation has allowed colonial narratives and later ideological projects to dominate the telling of India’s past. This opening section frames history writing itself as an act of reclamation, suggesting that any contemporary political debate is incomplete without a more self-aware engagement with civilizational memory.
The second section moves to India’s encounter with modernity under colonial rule, tracing how cultural identity was simultaneously rediscovered, distorted, and weaponised. Here, Paranjape presses for a discourse that neither romanticises tradition nor dismisses it, urging a more rigorous negotiation with the plurality within Hindu society and Indian civilisation.
The book’s final section turns to the present, where the Gandhi–Savarkar divide resurfaces with renewed urgency. Paranjape avoids caricature, instead outlining the intellectual and emotional stakes of both positions: non-violent moral politics on one side, a nationalism shaped by power, sacrifice, and cultural assertion on the other. The unresolved tension between these frameworks, he argues, continues to inform everything from electoral rhetoric to everyday citizenship.
At a moment when political identity in India hardens quickly, Hindutva and Hind Swaraj offer a slower, more deliberate inquiry. It suggests that India’s future will depend not on choosing between competing inheritances, but on learning to reckon with both without distortion or amnesia.
Paranjape begins by interrogating the gaps in India’s ancient historical record, arguing that the absence of documentation has allowed colonial narratives and later ideological projects to dominate the telling of India’s past. This opening section frames history writing itself as an act of reclamation, suggesting that any contemporary political debate is incomplete without a more self-aware engagement with civilizational memory.
The second section moves to India’s encounter with modernity under colonial rule, tracing how cultural identity was simultaneously rediscovered, distorted, and weaponised. Here, Paranjape presses for a discourse that neither romanticises tradition nor dismisses it, urging a more rigorous negotiation with the plurality within Hindu society and Indian civilisation.
The book’s final section turns to the present, where the Gandhi–Savarkar divide resurfaces with renewed urgency. Paranjape avoids caricature, instead outlining the intellectual and emotional stakes of both positions: non-violent moral politics on one side, a nationalism shaped by power, sacrifice, and cultural assertion on the other. The unresolved tension between these frameworks, he argues, continues to inform everything from electoral rhetoric to everyday citizenship.
At a moment when political identity in India hardens quickly, Hindutva and Hind Swaraj offer a slower, more deliberate inquiry. It suggests that India’s future will depend not on choosing between competing inheritances, but on learning to reckon with both without distortion or amnesia.
December 17, 2025
We often look at Indian political and cultural thought as a space divided between two extremes.
🧩 This book attempts to bridge that gap by placing two of the most discussed ideas — Hindutva and Hind Swaraj — side by side, not as adversaries but as two influential frameworks that shaped India’s intellectual evolution.
🧩 Makarand R. Paranjape approaches the subject with a historical and philosophical lens, exploring how Gandhi and Savarkar, despite their differences, were responding to the same national crisis — the search for India’s identity during and after colonial rule.
🧩 The book stands out because it avoids the usual polarisation. Instead of pushing a narrative, it focuses on the intellectual roots, contexts and motivations behind both philosophies, allowing readers to engage with them as ideas rather than political slogans.
Few highlights from the book:
🔹 A comparative study of two major thinkers — showing where Gandhi and Savarkar differ sharply, and where their ideas surprisingly intersect.
🔹 A deep dive into India’s historical memory, cultural shifts, and the loss of indigenous perspectives under colonial influence.
🔹 A structured exploration across three parts that moves from historical poetics → rediscovery of identity → contemporary relevance.
🔹 Clear articulation of how the past still shapes present-day debates, especially around nationalism, self-rule, culture, society and political thought.
🔹 An accessible narrative style, despite dealing with complex intellectual traditions and decades of ideological contestation.
📌 Overall, this is a well-researched, thought-provoking and academically grounded work for readers who want to understand India’s ideological landscape beyond surface-level narratives.
👀 A must-read for anyone interested in India’s history, political philosophy, or the deeper ideas that continue to influence national conversations today.
🧩 This book attempts to bridge that gap by placing two of the most discussed ideas — Hindutva and Hind Swaraj — side by side, not as adversaries but as two influential frameworks that shaped India’s intellectual evolution.
🧩 Makarand R. Paranjape approaches the subject with a historical and philosophical lens, exploring how Gandhi and Savarkar, despite their differences, were responding to the same national crisis — the search for India’s identity during and after colonial rule.
🧩 The book stands out because it avoids the usual polarisation. Instead of pushing a narrative, it focuses on the intellectual roots, contexts and motivations behind both philosophies, allowing readers to engage with them as ideas rather than political slogans.
Few highlights from the book:
🔹 A comparative study of two major thinkers — showing where Gandhi and Savarkar differ sharply, and where their ideas surprisingly intersect.
🔹 A deep dive into India’s historical memory, cultural shifts, and the loss of indigenous perspectives under colonial influence.
🔹 A structured exploration across three parts that moves from historical poetics → rediscovery of identity → contemporary relevance.
🔹 Clear articulation of how the past still shapes present-day debates, especially around nationalism, self-rule, culture, society and political thought.
🔹 An accessible narrative style, despite dealing with complex intellectual traditions and decades of ideological contestation.
📌 Overall, this is a well-researched, thought-provoking and academically grounded work for readers who want to understand India’s ideological landscape beyond surface-level narratives.
👀 A must-read for anyone interested in India’s history, political philosophy, or the deeper ideas that continue to influence national conversations today.
November 19, 2025
Makarand R. Paranjape's recent publication, Hindutva And Hind Swaraj: History's Forgotten Doubles, advocates the requirement for the integrated understanding of "Hindutva" and "Hind Swaraj." The author posits that these two concepts are essential complements for national advancement and must not be considered as antagonistic approaches to each other or to societal development as a whole.
The ideologies articulated by Veer Savarkar and Mahatma Gandhi, respectively, have profoundly influenced India's culture, society, and governance, underscoring their enduring relevance and necessity.
The book is structured into three distinct sections, designed to engage readers in an authentic exploration of the past, illuminate critical historical aspects, and meticulously connect and explore disparate political discussions. Recognizing the kaleidoscopic nature of Indian history and society, the text encourages introspection beyond mere curiosity, fostering reflection rather than imposing viewpoints.
The lucid, engaging and insightful penmanship make this book a fantastic read for those who enjoy the genre, also to broaden their perspective on each approach and the India of today.
The ideologies articulated by Veer Savarkar and Mahatma Gandhi, respectively, have profoundly influenced India's culture, society, and governance, underscoring their enduring relevance and necessity.
The book is structured into three distinct sections, designed to engage readers in an authentic exploration of the past, illuminate critical historical aspects, and meticulously connect and explore disparate political discussions. Recognizing the kaleidoscopic nature of Indian history and society, the text encourages introspection beyond mere curiosity, fostering reflection rather than imposing viewpoints.
The lucid, engaging and insightful penmanship make this book a fantastic read for those who enjoy the genre, also to broaden their perspective on each approach and the India of today.
January 5, 2026
Well researched and elegantly written, but ultimately quite meandering. The book opens with the ambitious promise of reconciling Gandhi and Savarkar, setting the expectation that Prof. Paranjape will surface unexpected commonalities between the two. Yet Gandhi and Savarkar appear meaningfully in barely four or five chapters out of forty.
Instead, the narrative drifts into the author’s reflections on academia, the philosophy of history, overlooked figures like Sita Ram Goel, and broader meditations on Hindutva. Much of this is engaging and thought‑provoking, but only tangentially connected to the book’s stated premise.
About halfway through, I found myself wondering how any of this tied back to Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj or Savarkar’s Hindutva. As a standalone intellectual memoir, it works. As a comparative study of Gandhi and Savarkar, it falls short.
That said, it’s still a rewarding read—rich with ideas and packed with footnotes that open up several fascinating rabbit holes. Just go in knowing that if you’re looking for a focused, sustained comparison between Gandhi and Savarkar, this isn’t quite that book.
Instead, the narrative drifts into the author’s reflections on academia, the philosophy of history, overlooked figures like Sita Ram Goel, and broader meditations on Hindutva. Much of this is engaging and thought‑provoking, but only tangentially connected to the book’s stated premise.
About halfway through, I found myself wondering how any of this tied back to Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj or Savarkar’s Hindutva. As a standalone intellectual memoir, it works. As a comparative study of Gandhi and Savarkar, it falls short.
That said, it’s still a rewarding read—rich with ideas and packed with footnotes that open up several fascinating rabbit holes. Just go in knowing that if you’re looking for a focused, sustained comparison between Gandhi and Savarkar, this isn’t quite that book.
November 17, 2025
Makarand R. Paranjape’s Hindutva and Hind Swaraj is a deeply reflective work that explores the ideological clash between Gandhi’s vision of Swaraj and Savarkar’s idea of Hindutva.
What I really liked about the book is how the author doesn’t pick sides, instead, he invites readers to see both Gandhi and Savarkar as two distinct yet interconnected responses to colonial India and modernity.
Author acknowledges the contradictions within both ideologies without oversimplifying them. At times, the book feels intellectually dense, but it rewards patient readers with profound insights into India’s cultural and political identity. Overall this book must be a good read those who interested in deep history.
What I really liked about the book is how the author doesn’t pick sides, instead, he invites readers to see both Gandhi and Savarkar as two distinct yet interconnected responses to colonial India and modernity.
Author acknowledges the contradictions within both ideologies without oversimplifying them. At times, the book feels intellectually dense, but it rewards patient readers with profound insights into India’s cultural and political identity. Overall this book must be a good read those who interested in deep history.
Displaying 1 - 7 of 7 reviews