More than five centuries of U.S. history (with a little prehistory of the Americas thrown in for good measure) in just over 300 pages might seem a tall order. But by focusing on larger themes and currents such as religion versus secularism, equality versus inequality, industrialization, urbanization, and westward expansion, Davidson shows how they shaped American events, government, and character.
What is now the United States was not “empty” in 1492 when Columbus blundered onto the West Indies. It was teeming with wildlife and had a population of about eight million people, divided into distinct cultures that had developed over thousands of years. Columbus was not the first to reach the new world, the Spanish having reached South America to find cities of size and sophistication. Both the conquerors and some of the existing civilizations were brutal. Murder, enslavement, and human sacrifice were common. Europeans brought diseases to which people of the Americas had no immunity. Before Africans were imported as slaves, Indians were captured and shipped out of America for that purpose. Some 90 percent of slaves imported from Africa went to South America and the Caribbean to work on sugar plantations.
Religious upheaval following the Protestant Reformation in Europe brought waves of settlers seeking freedom to live and worship the way they wanted—which they then often denied to others. In 1620, the Mayflower Compact created the first representative government in America, to promote a commonwealth—a community for the public good.
The north was settled by families who established schools and communities. The south was settled by fortune-seeking planters and traders, mostly single men, who established plantations, not towns and villages. The differences between north and south would persist and influence the course of the country, even to the present day.
Another kind of difference, less dependent on geography, consisted of that between followers of the Enlightenment—questioning based on reason and science, personified by Benjamin Franklin—and those seeking a “Great Awakening,” a revival of religiosity valuing emotion and certainty, as expressed by Jonathan Edwards.
By the mid-18th century, colonial powers in the Americas were expanding and consolidating. The English and Dutch were concentrated along the eastern seaboard; the French from Canada down the Mississippi into Louisiana; the Spanish in Florida and moving up from Mexico into Texas and California. Each had their Indian allies. Tensions between the French and English broke out into war in 1754 and grew into the Seven Years’ War in Europe and Asia. It resulted in the British driving the French from North America but would leave Great Britain deep in debt. And although war was over, British troops remained to help defend colonists against Indians, who resented increasing settlement on their lands. Colonists resented paying the war debts and the presence of redcoats. Taxes imposed by the British prompted speeches of protest, boycotts, and riots, culminating in the Boston Tea Party. British retaliation led to the convening of the Continental Congress in 1774 and serious resistance by the colonists. It was now a full-fledged rebellion.
The formation and tumultuous early years of the new republic are familiar to us. Davidson reminds us of the tensions inherent in the country that had to be reconciled in order to form a functioning government. Despite espousing equality, the new nation fell short of achieving it. Still, within the framework erected by the Founders, the nation grew, both by urbanizing and by pushing west. In the early decades of the 19th century, movements like religious revivalism, utopianism, social reform, abolitionism, and women’s rights began to take hold. A succession of compromises and stopgap measures to accommodate both slaveholding and antislavery states postponed but could not stop the Civil War. Equality was won in theory but not in practice, as segregation and Jim Crow laws replaced slavery.
In the decades after Reconstruction, capitalism ran roughshod over workers and farmers as the country kept growing. Around the turn of the 20th century the Progressive movement arose from a belief that government should help people. Teddy Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson governed in this spirit, curbing the worst excesses of business. Women’s suffrage was finally achieved in 1920, and women entered the workforce in increasing numbers. At the same time, the U.S. participated in imperialism, as did Europe, putting the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Hawaii under our control.
Efforts to gain civil rights, always ongoing, reached critical mass in the 1950s as blacks, farm workers, women, and students all questioned the status quo as the balance between equality and inequality shifted again. The Great Society funded head Start, the Job Corps, Medicare and Medicaid, all to further equality of opportunity.
Obviously I’ve skipped over a lot that Davidson covers, and most of us know the broad outline of events anyway. His point is that our country has always been pulled in opposing directions because of the interests of different groups—particularly the tension between equality and inequality, as one group claims rights for itself that it refuses to grant to others: Indians, African-Americans, women, and immigrants who fight to gain those same rights. Kind of a struggle between our better and baser instincts as one, then the other, gains the upper hand.
A quotation from the book (page 120) that is especially pertinent to the present: “[A] democracy doesn’t succeed because the people are always right. Any government is sure to be wrong sometimes. The difference is, kings or tyrants can ignore their mistakes because they answer to no one. A democracy succeeds because, when mistakes are made, the people feel them and have the power to correct their errors.”