"Primal Intelligence: You Are Smarter Than You Know" by Angus Fletcher is a thought-provoking exploration of what truly makes human beings intelligent. While modern culture often equates intelligence with logic, analysis, and data-driven reasoning, Fletcher argues that this is only part of the story. For thousands of years before artificial intelligence and algorithms, humans relied on older, deeper mental capacities - intuition, imagination, emotion, and commonsense. These four pillars of what he calls 'Primal Intelligence' explain why we still outperform machines when facing uncertainty, change, and the chaos of real life. The book blends neuroscience, history, military training, and storytelling to show that human intelligence is rooted in narrative thinking, not computation, and that rediscovering these ancient strengths can help us adapt, create, and lead more effectively in the modern world.
The first pillar, intuition, is the primal spark that sets human intelligence in motion. It is our brain’s built-in radar for the unexpected - a sensitivity to the odd details and outliers that don’t fit the pattern. Computers, designed to detect regularity, often fail when confronted with exceptions. Humans, however, excel in spotting the anomaly that hints at a deeper truth. Fletcher illustrates this through figures like Vincent van Gogh, who noticed a strange clash between red and cyan that broke traditional color theory, and Marie Curie, whose curiosity about a peculiar radiation led to the discovery of radium. Intuition works by noticing when something doesn’t make sense and asking why. It’s not about gathering more information but about seeing what others overlook and daring to investigate it. Children exhibit this power naturally, noticing incongruities without explanation, but adults often lose it under layers of logic and convention. Fletcher reminds us that intuition, properly trusted, is not mystical - it’s the starting point of discovery and the first step toward deeper understanding.
Once intuition notices an exception, imagination steps in to expand it. Imagination, the second pillar, is the brain’s branching engine - our ability to project 'what ifs' into the future. Where computers follow one line of probability, human imagination generates countless scenarios, each forming a possible narrative path. Fletcher likens this to the creative genius of Beethoven, who could transform a single motif into a sprawling symphony, or to Robert Goddard, who read science fiction and envisioned real rockets that could one day travel to Mars. Imagination makes innovation possible because it allows us to go beyond the known data and build entirely new realities. But imagination also plays a role in everyday life: it’s what helps us plan, adapt, and recover from setbacks. When we imagine outcomes and alternatives, we make ourselves flexible. In high-stakes settings like the US Army Special Operations, recruits are trained to use imagination tactically by focusing on 'Now + 1' - the next step and the one after that. This keeps their imagination active without overwhelming them with distant hypotheticals. The key, Fletcher notes, is that imagination thrives best when anchored to a clear purpose. Too much unmoored imagination leads to anxiety or paralysis, but guided by vision, it becomes the ultimate engine for progress.
The third pillar, emotion, serves as the compass that guides us through uncertainty. Modern society often treats emotion as a weakness or distraction from rational thought, but Fletcher reframes it as an essential feedback system. Emotions signal how well our inner story is aligning with the world around us. Fear, anger, grief, and optimism all carry messages about the state of our plans and sense of direction. Fear tells us we lack a plan, anger warns that we’re trapped in one, and grief signals a broken connection between our past and present selves. Ignoring these emotions dulls our self-awareness, while understanding them allows us to recalibrate. For soldiers, emotion provides the momentum that logic alone cannot. Resilience isn’t about suppressing fear or grief - it’s about using those feelings as navigation cues. Optimism, too, is reframed: it’s not blind faith that things will work out but confidence that things 'can' work out. Emotional intelligence, then, becomes the art of reading our internal signals accurately and using them to propel us forward rather than hold us back. Emotions connect us to our purpose and to one another, giving our decisions meaning and our actions heart.
The fourth pillar, commonsense, ties everything together by keeping us grounded in reality. Fletcher describes it as the brain’s 'doubt switch' - the ability to sense when we don’t know something. This humility before the unknown is what distinguishes humans from machines. While artificial intelligence fills every gap with confident but potentially false outputs, human commonsense hesitates in the face of uncertainty, prompting us to adapt and learn. Commonsense constantly monitors the environment for volatility. When the world feels stable, it allows us to follow routines; when it senses change, it triggers caution and creativity. Benjamin Franklin captured this duality in his seemingly contradictory advice: be cautious when tradition works, but act quickly when change demands it. In practice, commonsense guides adaptability. The Army teaches recruits to tune their anxiety, separating lessons from past failures from worries about future ones, and to focus instead on immediate, actionable steps. That’s commonsense in action - grounded, alert, and ready to pivot. It ensures that intuition, imagination, and emotion operate in balance rather than chaos.
Together, the four pillars of Primal Intelligence - intuition, imagination, emotion, and commonsense - create a mental ecosystem that thrives on uncertainty. But Fletcher doesn’t stop at theory; he explores how these powers can transform how we teach, coach, and lead. In leadership, the old model of control gives way to a new model of empowerment. True coaching means letting others take the wheel, even if they make mistakes. In military training, seasoned pilots hand over control mid-mission to rookies, not out of recklessness but to trigger growth in both teacher and student. Similarly, in creative industries like Hollywood, showrunners let junior writers run an episode to the edge of collapse. This practice forces veterans to adapt, keeping their own expertise flexible and alive. Fletcher calls this the antidote to the 'paradox of expertise' - the tendency to become so skilled that one stops learning. By allowing new minds to make messes, leaders keep their own intelligence primal - always branching, never static. Leadership, in this sense, is less about managing and more about modeling vision, courage, and creative problem-solving.
Underneath all of this lies what Fletcher identifies as the human superpower: storythinking. Our brains, he argues, evolved not to compute equations but to sequence events - to think in cause and effect, in plots and actions. This ability, rooted in what he calls 'moto' or motor intelligence, allows us to anticipate outcomes, invent strategies, and find meaning in time. Machines can process data, but they cannot construct or understand true narratives. Storythinking is why we can imagine a future that hasn’t happened and still act as if it’s real. It’s also what binds the four pillars together: intuition notices the irregularity in a story, imagination explores alternative endings, emotion gives the story motive force, and commonsense ensures it stays coherent. From Shakespeare to Einstein, innovators have relied on this storytelling mind. Shakespeare, Fletcher notes, didn’t just write plays - he taught humanity how to think in stories, how to imagine possibilities, and how to adapt through conflict. His influence on scientists and inventors, from Tesla to Jobs, shows how narrative thinking fuels innovation.
Ultimately, "Primal Intelligence: You Are Smarter Than You Know" is a call to reclaim the full spectrum of human intellect. In an age obsessed with optimization and data, Fletcher reminds us that real intelligence is not linear but living - it grows, adapts, and learns through experience and story. The book argues that our ancient mental faculties, far from being obsolete, are what keep us ahead of our own technologies. By cultivating intuition to spot what’s different, imagination to explore what’s possible, emotion to stay connected, and commonsense to steer through doubt, we can thrive in the uncertain world that logic alone cannot conquer. Fletcher leaves readers with a powerful challenge: to stop chasing artificial forms of intelligence and start trusting the one evolution built into us. Storythinking, he concludes, is our deepest cognitive advantage - it’s how we make sense of chaos, craft meaning, and build futures worth living. And that is the enduring message of "Primal Intelligence: You Are Smarter Than You Know".