Gods and Fighting Men - The Story of the Tuatha De Danaan and of the Fianna of Ireland is an amazing collection of tales from the Mythological and Fenian cycles of Irish mythology, collected and translated and pieced together by Lady Augusta Gregory, in 1905. This is the only book still in print that I know of that contains the bulk of these tales, most written down between the 8th and 14th centuries. Like all the old Irish myths, they are centuries older than their first written appearances, coming from long lines of oral tellings and blending over the years. Besides a couple of the mythological tales that I have read in other books, all of these stories were new to me.
Some stories have been condensed, some passages in a few were left out, and in some cases different versions of the same story had their parts fused together to make a more complete or coherent tale. Generally, though, it appears that these stories in the form seen here are true to the source material, often derived straight from it or from authoritative translations of it. The style and presentation of each story feels as though it was pulled straight from the vellum, unchanged and untouched by modern hands aside from translation. The authenticity enhances the enjoyment tenfold.
One of the many reasons Lady Gregory chose to publish this collection was to preserve the traditional literature of Ireland in all its antiquity and beauty and wonder. And another reason was to make it available to a wider audience who did not have access to the obscure journals that were, at the time, the only places these translations might appear.
At the time she put this collection together, there was a consensus of ignorance in the academic community regarding Irish mythology, in which certain clueless professors made public remarks about Irish myth lacking the polished idealism and imagination seen in ancient Greek or Roman or medieval French mythology. Today we know anyone saying such a thing couldn’t be taken seriously, but these were the days before the rich cauldron of surreal, magical otherworldly mythology of the Celts was widely available. Lady Gregory published this to correct the record.
Irish mythology has been the only mythology I’ve read that, after a few of its tales, has left me with a sinking feeling in my heart, like I just witnessed something beautiful and sad and heroic all at the same time. These tales incorporate a wide array of ideas and elements. And many have a way of being gut-wrenching and tragic while also being so full of outstanding adventure and imagination and character that it defies words to adequately get it across.
This collection of myths and legends from medieval times transports one directly into a magnificent, ancient world of enigmas, enchantments, folkloric charm, heroic happenings, staggering inventiveness and artistry that is unlike any other people’s body of literary traditions. Irish myth is a wholly unique cultural development, a world of its own.
The book is in two parts, the first on the Gods, with tales from what is today called the Mythological Cycle, and the second on the Fianna, tales that are today grouped together as the Fenian Cycle.
The first part tells the stories of the coming of the Tuatha de Danaan to Ireland, the ancient people who were said to have come from the sky in the north, in heavy mist. These people had immediate conflict with the Firbolg, the residents of Ireland at the time, and wars erupted, ending in the defeat of the Firbolg. The Tuatha de Danaan possessed powers that set them apart from the later races, like the Gaels who later came to populate the country. In time, the Tuatha became the gods, and after their battles with the Gaels, lived under the earth, in the Otherworld.
The tales of this section deal with all manner of old Irish gods and characters, such as Lugh of the Long Hand, a sort of warrior-king-god. One of the longest tales with him at the center is known as “The Quest of the Sons of Tuireann”, a terrific, adventurous, and ultimately heart-breaking tale in which Lugh sends three brothers on an impossible quest after they murder Lugh’s father.
There is The Dagda, a Druidic being who seems to be the wise elder, the sage whose wisdom guides many of the Tuatha de Danaan.
There is Angus Og, or Angus the Young, associated with youth. One of his foster sons (fostering was central to Irish culture) was the hero Diarmuid, who appears as one of the Fianna in the Fenian cycle, and as a central character in a cycle of stories. Angus repeatedly must rescue him from hopeless circumstances, using enchantments and powers of illusion.
The great sea-god Manannan, ruler of the Land of Promise, has a hefty section of tales about his exploits, including his many travels throughout Ireland and his run-ins with various people whose impending adventures become the subject of many a saga. “The Voyage of Bran” is one such story, an incredible saga of a man’s epic quest to the Otherworld, poetic and dreamlike and vivid with imagination and the fantastic. And an equally impressive saga called “His Three Calls to Cormac”, or “Cormac’s Adventure in the Land of Promise” tells a tale with a similar premise, with Manannan setting an individual on an adventure into lands unknown, but following a completely different development.
Some of the best known of the tales from this section are the tales of the battles of Magh Tuireadh, decisive battles between the Tuatha de Danaan, first against the Firbolg mentioned earlier, and next a rebellious battle against the oppressive Fomorians, who legend has it moved to live in the sea after they were defeated. Another of the most well known is “The Fate of the Children of Lir”, a spellbinding story of evil and hate and death and very long life and transformation into animals.
The Fenian stories make up about two thirds of the book, and every one of them was new to me. These are amazing stories of amazing feats, excellent adventures, and filled with timeless heroes who transcend storytelling mediums.
These are tales of the Fianna, valorous warrior bands spread throughout Ireland, not loyal to any kings, but who freely hunt the lands and defend the country from invaders. Finn Mac Cumhal is the warrior-king of the Fianna, and many of the tales are about him directly, from his childhood of early heroic deeds all the way through his old and gray years, his various wives or loves, and his countless violent and exciting adventures.
The story of how he became king of the Fianna, displacing Goll, son of Morna, is one of these tales from his childhood. Finn comes to a feast with the Irish king, after his father, Cumhal, previous king of the Fianna, has been killed by the sons of Morna and replaced by Goll. One of the Tuatha de Danaan, Aillen, has been coming to this area each year at Samhain playing his dulcimer that puts everyone to sleep, after which he breathes fire over the lands, destroying everything. The king of Ireland says that whoever can stop Aillen will have just rewards. Finn, as a twelve year old boy, uses a spear given him by Fiacha, another of the Fianna, to slay Aillen. He then decapitates him and brings the head to the king. This impresses the king so highly that he lets Finn take Goll’s position as ruler of the Fianna. Goll chooses to serve him instead of leaving the land.
Other tales involve Finn's closest men of the Fianna, like his son Oisin, who is a central person in many later tales from this cycle, as the last surviving Fianna; his grandson Osgar; Fergus of the True Lips, gifted with sight of the future and esoteric knowledge; Conan and Goll, both sons of Morna, who was responsible for Finn’s father, Cumhal’s death, but who are still part of his band; Caoilte Mac Ronan, nephew of Finn, and a storyteller and warrior; a man known only as Lughaid’s Son, gifted with magic; and Diarmuid, grandson of Duibhne, among the most powerful warriors after Finn, and a man who becomes the object of a manhunt (and a brilliant cycle of violent, heroic, poetic, beautiful and sorrowful stories) after he runs off with Grania, who is to be wed to Finn.
The Diarmuid and Grania saga, by the way, is thought to have been influential to the Tristan and Isolde legends, which in turn were thought to have influenced Shakespeare's creation of Romeo and Juliet. Diarmuid and Grania’s story, however, is much more steeped in the stuff of legend and grand, bloody, magical shrouds of raw epic power than Romeo and Juliet.
Many of the tales here deal with all of the Fianna together as a whole, and tell of their epic battles, like the Battle of the White Strand (also known as Ventry, or Cath Finntraigh), or the many struggles against invaders from other countries and the sons of kings who were slaughtered, sometimes the kings themselves who were slaughtered, and the countless armies that fell to the Fianna. Decapitations and impalements and slaughter are recurring elements.
Each of the prominent characters of the Fianna are themselves significant works of legend and storytelling, taking shape in full character over multiple stories, letting us see who and what they are. Together they are a mighty band of warriors, capable of enormous feats and fighting and destruction and poetry and music. The hunting hounds of the Fianna, particularly Bran and Sceolain, are another constant, with their origins told in an early tale about the transformation of humans into beasts.
One large section of stories deals with enchantments and the bizarre, surreal, dark magic and fantastical world of ancient Ireland, filled with mysteries, odd creatures, spirits, mesmerizing music, cruel druids and sorcerers, giants, shadows and beasts and shape shifting entities. These stories alone provide enough mind-bending trips into the wholly surreal underworld of Irish myth to build an entire library on. And when you pair these amazing tales with the fact that you’ve come to know the characters well and have developed a full appreciation for their personalities and abilities and essence, the unfolding of the stories becomes more profound.
The final sections tell of the deaths of many of the core members of the Fianna, as in the battles of Cnoc-an-aire, the Hill of Slaughter. Place names, again, play an interesting role in these myths. It is genuinely sad to read the final tales, as Fianna die in either heroic or dismal circumstances, or the Fianna turn on one another, and even their hounds, who we get to know through many of the myths, die and are hinted at being reborn. As the Fianna are worn away and killed off in their final battle, very few are left. And of these, one is Oisin, son of Finn. And he is later taken away by a mysterious woman who comes from beyond the sea, taking him away to live among immortals, in a world of plenty and perfection. Finn is heartbroken that he will never see his son again, and that the Fianna have withered into nothing.
As if this climax and ending is not hard enough on the heart, Oisin comes back centuries later, driven by his desire to see his father again and the rest of the Fianna. But he returns to a very different Ireland, during the time of Saint Patrick. As his wife in the distant land warns him, if he steps off his horse once he is back on Irish soil, the horse will leave him and he will quickly age to become a very old man, and he will never be able to go back to the land where people never die and everything is wonderful. This happens to him. He has returned as a tall, towering elderly hero to a changed world, whose inhabitants are small in stature compared to him. As I learned from the introduction to another set of Irish myths, disparities in the size of people is an indicator of one belonging to an older time, with those from the ancient times towering over those of the modern world. Oisin is weak and old, and he is taken to the house of St. Patrick who is eager to hear his stories of the ancient Fianna and of Finn, but who is even more interested in baptizing him and converting him. And he is not concerned with serving Oisin his hero’s portion of food or drink.
They argue for a long time. Oisin is defiant and laments the loss of the Fianna, the loss of his father, he praises the way things were and notes the high character of all those he knew and loved. Patrick, however, berates him and tells him the Fianna are all burning in hell, especially Finn. Oisin cannot tolerate this, and the book closes with his poems and lamentations, praising the days of old Ireland and the Fianna, and dreading the new Ireland and its church bells and clerics, whose music is nothing like the music he remembers.