"Ancient superstitions and fears of supernatural powers served (then as now) as informal social control, and produced conformity and obedience to "higher" authority. From a functionalist point of view, community solidarity is strengthened when authorities (of the state, church, universities, medicine, and law) can covertly or overtly identify a single consensual enemy, against which "the people" can rally. This diversionary tactic is employed most earnestly during times of economic instability and political or spiritual upheaval. Scapegoating, in particular, has been useful historically both as a way of re-entrenching the status quo and as a direct or indirect impetus for hegemonic shifts." (p.13)
In 1486, the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches' Hammer) was commissioned by Pope Innocent VIII. This was a handbook on the detection, apprehension and punishment of witches....and a disturbing, misogynist document on women as evil by nature. "All wickedness is but little to the wickedness of a woman...What else is woman but an inescapable punishment, a necessary evil, an evil of nature, painted with fair colours...Woman [is] more bitter than death...because of the first temptress, Eve."
"[Women] are feebler both in mind and body...more carnal than a man. When a woman weeps, she labors to deceive...The world now suffers through the malice of women...Woman is beautiful to look upon, contaminating to the touch, and deadly to keep....[Woman is a] liar by nature...They cast wicked spells on men and animals. All witchcraft comes from carnal lust, which is in women insatiable. They consort even with devils. It is no matter for wonder that there are more women than men found infected with the heresy of witchcraft."