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Kindle Edition
First published April 23, 2026
...war trials prosecuted were as painfully relevant to women’s history as men’s.
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I realized that many had observed the way in which the trial was built for men, by men. Rebecca West’s articles from the trial include the Rebecca West’s articles from the trial include the refrain “a man’s world, a man’s world.” Arriving in Nuremberg, the Argentine writer Victoria Ocampo noticed that the courtroom, like the warring elites it had sprung from, was overwhelmingly male. “Everything in the [court] room proves to me that this is a matter for men alone,” she wrote in a section of a Nuremberg article entitled “Among Men Alone.” The trial reminded her of the Dakota airplane in which she had been brought to the city: “this tribunal, that plane, did not foresee the presence of women.” This was not just an observation but grounds for protest.
In March 1947 Truman signed an executive order requiring that all federal civil servants be screened for “loyalty.” First Dan and then Harriet were investigated by the Loyalty Review Board, he in 1948 and she the following year. Harriet, who had fought totalitarianism at Nuremberg and seen its consequences, felt the bitter irony of having come back to America, only to find herself facing a hazy and drawn out extrajudicial investigation. “I feel very strongly that giv[ing] credence to unproven charges and condemnation without a hearing before a jury and court is the first step toward the Concentration Camp, and I want no part in it, even for the sake of keeping a job with the Federal Government.”
Erika set about finding new ways to express her political views. On 15 March 1937 she gave a speech at the Peace and Democracy Rally in Madison Square Garden to an audience of 23,000 people. It was an impassioned call to action in which she entreated her audience to spread the word of what was happening in Nazi Germany. In the wake of that speech she began a nationwide tour. It was a resounding success not only in getting her message across but also in improving her English— by the autumn she was nearly as comfortable speaking English as German. The following year she and Klaus published the first in what would become a series of anti-Nazi books. Erika’s School for Barbarians (1938), about the education and indoctrination of children, was followed by Escape to Life (1939), about German artists and scholars in exile, and The Lights Go Down (1940), which traced the lives of ordinary Germans under Nazism. The Other Germany (1940), also written with Klaus, sought to explain the “true” German culture, one that stood in opposition to Nazism.
before arriving in Nuremberg, the German journalist Erika Mann, daughter of Nobel Prize-winning writer Thomas Mann, had lived an extraordinary life. She had raced cars, staged cabarets, written several books, struck a marriage of convenience with the English poet W. H. Auden, and taken a string of glamorous lovers, including a photographer, a dancer and a charismatic actress. Throughout the 1930s Erika had been a scabrous polemicist, warning of the Nazi threat. When war broke out, she became an unrelenting political activist in exile. She came to Nuremberg full of anger at her fellow Germans, and desperate to find some hope for the future buried beneath the legal process of Courtroom 600.
In 1950 the inquisitorial culture spawned by Truman’s loyalty boards was supercharged by a speech delivered by the anti-communist senator Joseph McCarthy, who claimed to have a list of “known communists” operating within the US State Department. Over the coming months and years McCarthy would develop an extrajudicial apparatus of investigation that would prove powerful enough to end careers, destroy reputations, ...
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In the McCarthyite climate, scrutiny of Erika’s “premature anti-Fascism” and leftist sympathies was revived, and her application for US citizenship was mired in suspicion. In 1950 she documented a “Kafkaesque” visit from the FBI, who had kept files on the Mann siblings throughout the 1940s and were now stepping up their investigations. A heartfelt letter of December 1950, written to the director of immigration, captures her sense of betrayal: “I felt like an American, lived like an American… I lived and worked in the United States, and since I wished to go on doing so, I deemed it only fair to add myself legally to the good people of this country.” Following the visit from the FBI, she found herself “finished,” and this “in a country I love and whose citizen I had hoped to become.” Like Harriet in her tussle with the Loyalty Board, Erika was outraged to find herself under attack by a country she had worked so hard to serve. “Immeasurable are the times I endangered my life while… covering the war as a correspondent accredited to the US Forces,”
Adenauer gave no ground. As he later put it: “I think we now need to finish with this sniffing out of Nazis.” By the end of January 1951 amnesty laws had benefited nearly 800,000 West Germans sentenced or threatened with prosecution for their participation in Nazi crimes. By the end of the 1950s only three of those given prison sentences at Nuremberg— Albert Speer, Baldur von Schirach and Rudolf Hess— remained behind bars. 10 For Erika, such clemency was intolerable, and she was furious at the injustice. She had seen the IMT as the beginning of a much bigger project. But yet again, her country had morphed into a place she did not recognize.
By the time Marie-Claude returned to Germany on another assignment a year later, Hitler had swept to power. This time she had to be more daring in order to access her subject. By hiding her camera under a scarf, she was able to photograph the entrance to the newly opened Dachau concentration camp and, through the fences, the inmates of the Oranienburg camp. Marie-Claude also made contact with the earliest resistance to Hitler’s regime, underground Communist Party activists.
...where they were struggling to provide written translations of a large number of documents. As she wrote elsewhere in her memoir: “Our entire translation fraternity worked tirelessly. We, Soviets, were not accustomed to complaining.”